Patient Centered Medical Homes

Purpose/Rationale
Provision of quality health care services is a basic human right. Patient centre medical homes (PCMH) are innovative primary health care centre for the provision of quality services. It is a foundation for accessing efficient and cheaper health care services. The primary goal of PCMH is to transform the centre in order to deliver effective primary care services at affordable prices. The program offer practices for care organization for patients, nurses working in groups and coordination as well as tracking patient information. This institution partners with personal doctors and patients when required and exchange health information. They can also assure patients high quality services in an appropriate way. The primary purpose of the research proposal is to analyze the way PCMH would transform primary care; thus offering effective access to affordable and high quality health care services.

Literature Background
The literature study indicates that every human being has a right to access to affordable and high quality health care services. Therefore, it is the role of the government to ensure that citizens access to quality services at cheaper prices. Feldman and Alexander (2012) argue that nurses should take actions and put efforts in their roles to provide quality patient care. They should take the leadership roles in delivering effective services. This is essential because it will enable them to earn respect from their patients.  According to Feldman and Alexander (2012, p. 33), leaders in the health care should communicate effectively in the health care management. This is because communication is essential in solving social conflicts and conflicts that arise between patients and nurse over payment issues. This will contribute to successful performance; thus enabling nurses to deliver valuable services that meet the demanding needs of patients.

Research Design
The research will employ qualitative study in order to provide empirical investigation of social phenomena through the use of different data collection methods. Therefore, the research hypothesis will test as to whether the transformation of PCMH will contribute to the provision of affordable and quality primary care services to all patients. Under qualitative study, the researcher will test the hypothesis. This is through collecting and measuring the incidences of numerous views or opinions provided from the chosen data collection methods.  The qualitative research is effective because it quantifies data and provides generalized findings from the sampled populations of concern.
Data collection will be structured in the form of questionnaires, use of random sampling and surveys.  First, the research will structure questionnaires and distribute them to patients and nurses working in the PCMH. The research will be carried out from morning till afternoon hours. The questionnaires will be structured in the form of simple questions in order to help the researcher to gather adequate information from the interested respondents. Questionnaires are effective because they do not require many efforts and they would enable the researcher to compile and analyze data effectively.  Secondly, the researcher will use random sampling from the interested population to represent the whole population. Random sampling will help the researcher to control the required study. Lastly, the researcher will employ survey method, and he or she will ask patients in case they receive effective services. The researcher can also request them to provide their opinions in case they think that transformation of PCMH will enable them to meet their expectations.

Data Analysis
Data analysis will be descriptive in nature because the researcher will gather information and evaluate the results in descriptive nature. The research will interpret the findings and generalize the information with the help of tabulated tables. The proven hypothesis will be tested for nudity; thus seeking to ascertain the significance of PCMH in terms of transformation of the primary care to provide affordable and quality services. The researcher will interpret all the research findings through the use of statistical analysis in order to construe statistics.

Limitations
Ethical issues may arise especially when employing varied data collection methods. First, the research may encounter ethical problem because not all respondents will be ready to express their view or opinions. This is because they may feel that the information they will provide would be disclosed to the third party. Thus, it is essential for the researcher to promise that the information they will reveal would be confidential. The study limitation may results because some methods such as survey and sampling will contribute to biasness especially when the researcher is collecting information. This is because not every respondent wild be ready to provide true information. The research will also oversimplify the findings because of different information provided from the research data collection methods.

Conclusion
The research provided the rationale or the purpose of research study. Therefore, the primary purpose of the research proposal was to analyze the way PCMH would transform primary care in order to offer effective access to affordable and high quality health care services. It tackled on the literature review and what other researchers have provided about transformation of health care services. The research also employed different research design methods including use of questionnaires, survey and random sampling. It provided the hypothesis of the study that was to be tested and proven correct. Data analysis was descriptive in nature, and the researcher gathered information and evaluated the results with the help of statistical data. Lastly, the conclusion summarized the proposal and the research findings.

Reference
Feldman, H. R., & Alexander, G. R. (2012). Nursing leadership: A concise encyclopedia. New York, NY: Springer.

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Behavioral/Style Perspective to Leadership

Bloland, Peter, Patricia Simone, Brent Burkholder, Laurence Slutsker, and Cock K. M. De. “The Role of Public Health Institutions in Global Health System Strengthening Efforts: the US CDC's Perspective.” PLOS Medicine. 9.4 (2012). 1-5, is the article that discusses the aspects of the bigger concept of a health system in connection to public health, in the United States. The article offer vital contributions made by public health leaderships in strengthening healthcare system. The authors also present epidemiologic data, which is based on policies impacting aspects of the bigger healthcare systems (Bloland, Simone, Burkholder, Slutsker and De 2012, p. 2). The authors argue that it is the role of government to respond to health emergences issues, develop disease prevention guidelines and disease treatment programs.

The success of any healthcare system depends on the effective training program, competence workforce and effective leadership behavior or style employed in the health care sector. Therefore, nurses have nowadays realized the significant need of employing effective behavioral styles vital for achieving the organizational goals in the healthcare settings (Baker, McFall and Shoham, 2011). Effective behavior/style employed in the health system determines the results; thus the article argues that building the skilled and capable workforce are among the effective ways of achieving the demanding needs of the public health organizations (Bloland et.al 2012, p. 4). From a behavioral leadership theory, great leaders are born, but the theory also argues that one can become a great leader through learning. Thus, Bloland emphasizes on the significant of building a skilled and capable workforce through offering effective training programs to healthcare workers in order to improve organizational performance within the healthcare system (Bloland et.al 2012, p.4).

The strength of the behavioral perspective is that it focuses on the action of leaders but not on mental qualities; thus through learning process, one can become a successful leader (Dishion, 2011). This is essential because this style can contribute to increased competence level in the workforce and improved skills necessary for accomplishing the required tasks in the healthcare system. Moreover, the behavioral style focuses on a behavior, which can be manipulated or observed; hence effective in public health organizations. However, the limitation of this perspective is that, it completely relies on the environment, thus ineffective (Strickland, Van, Kogan, Lauver, Blumberg, Bethell and Newacheck, 2011). It also ignores complex thought processes and emotions; thus ineffective leadership style in the public health organizations.

The behavioral perspective selected is related to both trait theory and skills approach in a number of ways. First, behavioral perspective is related to trait and skill approach because both theories argue that great leaders are born with certain characteristics. Secondly, both theories are related because they also argue that great leaders are not born but rather made through learning process.  Lee (2012) offer comprehensive analysis on the way nursing leaders can improve their leadership roles through increased training and research programs, thus meeting the special healthcare needs of children (Bloland et.al (2012, p.4) adds that implementing key public health programs and supporting critical operational/applied research can enable healthcare providers to deliver high quality services. Thus, educating or training the future workforce through strengthening academic institution is effective for improving knowledge and skills vital for delivering high quality services in the public healthcare settings.

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Corporate Responsibility

The United States is experiencing extensive increased numbers of obesity cases and overweight children across the states. The cases for health related problems associated with poor eating habits especially consuming food products and services from fast food industries such as MacDonald is rampart. The research study report indicates the high rate of deaths reported among children are associated  to poor eating habits; thus a call for action in order to  reduce obesity and overweight issues contributed by fast food industries. MacDonald Inch is one of the companies that have been reported for not being socially responsible for their actions because of misleading customers about their products and services. The litigation involves Pelman vs. McDonald Inch on the ground that the corporation intentionally misleads their customers about the health products and services they offer through their false advertisements. The plaintiff argues that the consumption of fast food from MacDonald Corporation could have partially contributed to the overweight, obesity and heart disease; thus deterioration of health. The respondent denied the allegation by arguing that they are not accountable for the decisions made by the plaintiff to consume their fast food products. 

Discussions
MacDonald Corporation and other fast food restaurants should be held accountable for selling harmful products, failing to caution consumers of the risks of a high-fat diet, and misleading advertising. This is because high consumption of products and services from fast food industries has become the major cause for health problems in the United States. The research on business ethics demands corporations to be socially accountable for their actions or activities. Therefore, MacDonald and other fast food companies have failed to conduct their business in a socially responsible because corporate responsibility strategy demands organisations not only to focus on making profits but also take into considerations the social aspects of their customers. Organisations should not only work towards increasing profits but also ensure that their activities or services they offer should not create any harm to the surrounding environment or the society as a whole.

MacDonald and other fast food industries have been frequently ranked among the producers of unhealthy food, which have contributed to varied health problems to children (Mello, Rimm, and Studdert, 2013). These fast food companies should be judged for making deceptive advertisements arguing that their products and services offer health solutions to consumers and yet they create more health problems. Wharton (2005) argues that obesity have raised many difficult marketing questions regarding the issue of junk food and deceptive advertisements made by fast food industries. Childhood obesity, which is linked by consuming sugar-laden fruit juice, chips, Oreos and other non-nutritious snack foods have raised a major health concern in the U.S government. The new government research pointed some of the culprits behind the cause for increased childhood obesity. MacDonald Company was among the identified company with pending litigation about their deceptive advertisements and not being socially responsible for their actions, which has left many children with health problems. 

Although the major aim of the company is to make profits, they should carry out their business with ethical concern of not causing harm to their potential customers. The decision made by the U.S government for fast food industries to stop advertising harmful products to kids has raised some concern within fast food industries. These companies advertise their product knowingly that there is something wrong with the advertisement; thus they deserve to be judged negligent and warned about such actions. Although it is not easy for marketers to change their products overnight because they will run risk of changing their products and also lose customers, they should supersize because supersizing has gone from denoting something positive to denoting something negative in popular culture (Wharton, 2005). The U.S. judge dismissed obesity lawsuit for Pelman vs. McDonald and this was after the proceedings where the company attempted to defend themselves arguing that they offer consumers what they want (Wald, 2003). The argument was that the company knows what consumers want but they also know it is harmful; thus the responsibility lies not only to the marketers but also to consumers (New York Court, 2013).

Companies have attempted to change their marketing strategy because they always understand what their customers want. Many consumers are pleased with these strategies and options; thus companies cannot dictate to consumers what to buy or not to buy. However, it is the role of both companies and consumers to be held accountable for their actions (Mello, Rimm, and Studdert, 2013). The court case of Pelman vs. McDonald is one of the challenging United States proceedings; thus the government can warn companies to be socially responsible for their actions; thus failure to comply with the government laws will lead to judgment. The company cannot warn consumers about the dangers of a high-fat diet since they are after making profits but they can change their action by ensuring that the health of customers are highly taken into considerations. Therefore, it is also the role of consumers to make effective consumption choice wisely by consuming products, which are not harmful to their health.

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The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse

The complexity of the contemporary healthcare environment has significantly changed and the role of nurses has also continued to change due to increased technology advancement. The access to healthcare delivery and nurses offering these services are changing rapidly due to increased demanding needs; therefore, each state is attempting to deal with these increasing healthcare changes through expanding and advancing the roles of nurses. Educators are now required to offer effective training services to graduates in order to prepare them with clear understanding of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) roles. APN refers as the nursing interventions that influence healthcare outcomes such as care management, nursing administration, direct clinical care of individual patients and development of healthcare policies (Hamric and Hanson, 2003). Understanding APN roles, professional and regulatory issues will enable nurses to make reasonable transition in the healthcare market. Educators should employ effective approaches for building APN role content into graduate course units since this can enable nurses to their intended goals effectively. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to offer clear analysis of the roles being played by advanced practice nurses in the contemporary healthcare market.

Core APN competencies
    The core competencies for APN nursing roles arise from role requirements, nursing regulations, nursing principles and practices, as well as, professional behavior standards necessary to offer competent, ethical and safe care. These core competencies offer the basis through which practitioners, human resource managers and educators can determine the acceptance level necessary for practicing in APN role in a certain situational context. The core competences address two significant elements including the professional development and the clinical practice both of which are significant for the APN role to attain the acceptable nursing standards and practices.

a)    Clinical Practice Competencies
Practice core competencies are among the significant APN roles and this includes participating in direct patient care. This is an essential part of clinical practice because it adequately fulfills the role of nursing practitioner. Hamric and Hanson (2003) argue that direct clinical practice is one of the central competencies for APN because it informs and offers a foundation for which to build pillars for expert coaching. It also provides a basis for collaboration, research and ethical decision making vital for meeting the demanding needs of patients.  Scholars have attempted to examine critical roles played by APN and the way these roles have tremendously changed in the contemporary healthcare market (Hamric and Hanson, 2003). The authors also attempts to offer clear and comprehensive roles of APN nurses in the contemporary society. Nurses employ applicable counseling, interpersonal skills and valuable communication skills; thus they initiate therapeutic relationships. They also work in collaboration with other healthcare professions and employ effective ethical standards in order to meet the demanding needs of their clients.

b)    Professional Development Competencies
The professional development competencies are also significant APN roles because they help individuals to accomplish and maintain the level of proficiencies necessary to practice. They focus on the role of individuals in self governance of their occupation practice and personal development. According to Hamric and Hanson (2003), professional role development takes into considerations the theoretical principles and norms within the specialty practice area for nursing graduates. The content in professional role development should offer the graduate with clear understandings of nursing profession, regulations, necessary requirements for nurses and APN roles (Hamric and Hanson, 2003). The purpose of profession development is to organize professionally graduates and promote APN role through the refinement of measurable competency criteria; thus contributing to improved healthcare. It also contributes to an innovative knowledge and practice advancement vital for maintaining technological advancement in nursing practices.
APN Outcome Research Study and Proposed Alternative Outcomes That Measure the APN’s Unique Contribution
The APN outcome research focuses on the end results of studying APN roles vital for creating significant change in the healthcare sector. It is clear that the APN works within the healthcare environment context, which requires valuable knowledge and skills beyond clinical nursing capability. These dimensions also include effective healthcare management and employing effective nursing standards vital for achieving the demanding needs or goals of APN roles. Hamric and Hanson in their article of educating APN nurses for practice reality attempt to examine the way the contemporary healthcare environment has significantly changed ; thus the role of nurses has also continued to change in order to meet the demanding needs of patient effectively (Hamric and Hanson, 2003).
The proposed outcomes that measure the unique contribution of APN are based on the proposed theory of quality healthcare provision. Educators may face varied challenges as they struggle to prepare sufficient number of APN registered nurses, but employing effective teaching strategies such as intensive inter-professional collaborations can contribute to better outcomes (Fitzgerald, Kantrowitz-Gordon, Katz and Hirsch, 2012). The professional preparation of the APN roles has its foundation in education institutions, which are recognized by accredited bodies for specific state or international communities. Hamric and Hanson (2003), argue that the increased knowledge and sophistication of healthcare has resulted in the growth of specialization in nursing in order to increase competence level in complex areas of nursing practice. The researchers further indicates that the reality of the growth of specialization in nursing practice is to ensure that nurses improves or advances their roles and also acquire requisite knowledge for enacting these roles.
Outcome Plan for an Individual Patient or a Group Problem Appropriate To an APN Level of Practice
    The APN would first carry out assessment process and this will include observing and evaluating development history of the patient.  APN nurses are qualified social workers; thus they employ effective assessment plan in order to examine the condition of the patient. After close examination for the patient, the APN nurse will carry out therapeutic interventions and this will involve employing effective intervention approach in order to produce better outcomes of the patient.  The treatment or intervention measure employed will include use of collaborative intervention approach. This approach is vital in care planning because it improves medical adherence and care services provided to the patient.  Therefore, the intervention or treatment would differ from that of physician because the intervention measure would employ collaborative approach. The research study reveals that the care outcomes provided by APN nurses are far much better than that of physicians (Hamric and Hanson, 2003). This is because the APN care employs effective intervention approaches, it is also cost effective and safe; thus it produces high level of patient satisfaction.

Discussion of the Outcome Plan
 From the outcome plan, it can be argued that APN nurses play significant and effective roles in the contemporary healthcare environment. This is because they carry out effective assessment process, which is one of the first steps of diagnosis process. They also employ efficient intervention strategy such as the use of collaborative approach in care planning. Fitzgerald et.al 2012) finds collaborative care planning one of the most effective intervention approaches for improving medical adherence of the patients; thereby, contributing to high satisfaction level to patients. The APN practices entails cognitive, technical abilities of qualified nurses all of which are put into ethical and culturally safe practices, acts and protocols; thereby producing better patient outcomes.

Summary
In summary, the purpose of the research was to provide a clear analysis of the roles being played by advanced practice nurses in the contemporary healthcare market. The research provided succinct setting information revealing the intention of the study. It identified the core competencies for advanced practice nurses and this is where the two key core competencies of APN including the clinical practices and professional role development competencies wee analyzed. The researcher provided a summarized APN outcome and proposed also an alternative result measures for the exclusive contribution of APN. The research paper developed outcome plan, which included carrying out assessment process and employing collaborative intervention approach. The research study revealed that the care outcomes provided by APN nurses are far much better than that of physicians. Lastly, a concise discussion about the outcome plan was included in the research study.

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The Disadvantages of Cellphones

Introduction
Cellphones have created rapid revolution in the communication field. The rapid technology advancement in the 21st century has changed lifestyles of many people because it has made everything possible. Communication has become cheaper in the current generation and people are now able to reach their friends, relatives or families in distance places faster. The introduction of Cellphones has enabled many companies or entrepreneurs to increase sale of products because they are able to reach customers easily. Technology advancement has fueled the increased use of Cellphones across the globe. This is because the devices allow people to send instant text messaging offer voice calling and web access. However, the pervasiveness and conveniences has not only come with benefits but also with numerous challenges. 

Thesis: Although Cellphones has made communication easier, they have contributed to health issues and they are costly.

Discussions
    Use of Cellphones has contributed to increased health complications such as damage of ears; thus loss of memory. The research study conducted by the scientists revealed that use of Cellphones pose dangerous risk to health of human beings. This is because the Cellphones emit radiation that is linked to the brain tumors; thus contributing to loss of memory (Powell pr.5).  The Cellphones makers claim that the level of radiation from these devices falls within the acceptable limits and they cannot cause any harm to human beings. However, it has scientifically proven that the long-term use of Cellphones has offered the truth about the impacts of using Cellphones for long hours in a day making communications. Furthermore, research studies have shown that the likely cause of brain tumors, which occurs in most cases when multitasking (Ghorbani and Rosemarie 263). For instance, drivers who talk and text while driving are likely to get distracted than concentrating on the road; thus causing accidents, which may lead to loss of lives or health complications resulting from accidents.

    Cellphones are costly and this begins from purchasing the phones themselves and monthly services or subscriptions are costly. The pricing models for Cellphones are not different from landlines, but Cellphones services are typically more expensive than landlines. According to (Locsin pr.1), use of Cellphones are expensive and these ranges from text messaging, roaming and downloading materials. The service providers usually limit minutes for taking and making international calls is more expensive than local calls. Making calls in long distances per minute is costly and the monthly service rates are usually higher.

     However, despite the disadvantages that Cellphones have caused in the society, it has made communication easier because of their availability. The increase technology advancement has not only created social challenges in the contemporary society but also enabled many people to socialize with other effectively. Winget (34) argues that use of technology devices has made communication easier and inexpensive in the interactive world. It has enabled many people to create friends, reach their families or relatives across the globe easily, interact with customers; thus creating a global village. Powell (pr.1) argues that Cellphones allow people to keep in touch constantly with their friends and families because of their portability. People are now able to reach anyone at any given time and enable people to receive emergence calls or significant information through phone calls.

Conclusion
    In conclusion, although Cellphones have made communication easier, they have contributed to health issues and they are costly. First, use of Cellphones has contributed to increased health complications such as damage of ears; thus loss of memory. Secondly, Cellphones are costly especially when making international calls and monthly subscriptions are higher. However, despite the disadvantages that Cellphones have caused in the society, it has made communication easier because of their availability.

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Qualitative Paper - healthcare and nursing home

Introduction to the Problem
The healthcare and nursing home has become the main field of concern in the current society because of the need of deliver effective quality services. Therefore, nurses and care providers have made significant effort s of advancing knowledge through carrying out research work on these fields on the way they can prevent illness and deliver effective services. The increased nursing research activities have become the major aspect for all nurses and healthcare provider due to the need to deliver valuable services; thus satisfying the needs of their clients. Therefore, qualitative research has become one of the prominent research design methods employed in nursing and healthcare field. However, many healthcare organizations are facing varied challenges of promoting health and managing diseases in an ever-changing health care system.
Thesis: Despite the challenges that healthcare and nurse are facing in the ever-changing healthcare system, creating a qualitative research plan will enable them to meet the demanding needs of their clients effectively.

Research Purpose/Aims
•    The main purpose of the research is to analyze the main features of qualitative research plan, and also study the way in which this methodology is relevant or useful in the healthcare and nursing home.
•    The research will offer a concise comparison of both qualitative and quantitative research design methods, as well as, make suggestion for the significance use of qualitative research approaches.
•    The researcher will offer a review of common approaches employed in the research plan, but most significant, references would be included for those nurses or healthcare workers interested in studying more about qualitative research design methods.

Research Questions
1.    How is qualitative research useful in nursing home or healthcare settings?
2.    How will nurses and healthcare providers manage or prevent any illness in the nursing homes or hospital settings?
3.    What roles does qualitative nursing research play in the hospital settings? 

Research Methods
Although quantitative methodology is employed in the nursing field, qualitative research method has become more common than quantitative in the field of medicine. This is because qualitative research helps the nurses or caregivers to understand the special phenomena in the hospital settings (Munhall, 2012). The difference between the two research methods is their flexibility; thus qualitative methodology is often employed in nursing field. This is because of the relationship created between the participants and the researcher, which is less formal than in the quantitative research design. Therefore, the research will employ qualitative methods because this method seeks to explore the phenomena and aims to solve the problem in the naturalistic paradigm (Holloway, Wheeler and Holloway, 2010).

Therefore, the qualitative method will include the use of semi-structured methods, focused group discussion, in-depth interviews and participant observations. First, the use of focused group discussions is crucial because it will enable the researcher to find out the clear cause of the problem; thus offering a solution to the existing problem (Richards and Schwartz 2002). Secondly, the researcher will employ semi-structured interviews and in-depth questionnaires, which will be distributed to participants. These methods are crucial because they will enable the researcher to gather in-depth understandings of people’s behaviors and the reasons or such behaviors (Hoskins and Mariano, 2004). Lastly, the use of observation method is effective because it will provide first hand information, which is not biased; thus solving the research problem effectively.

References
Hoskins, C. N., & Mariano, C. (2004). Research in nursing and health: Understanding and using
 quantitative and qualitative methods. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.
Holloway, I., Wheeler, S., & Holloway, I. (2010). Qualitative research in nursing and
 healthcare. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.
Munhall, P. L. (2012). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective. Sudbury, MA: Jones &
 Bartlett Learning.
Richards, H. M., & Schwartz, L. J. (March 31, 2002). Ethics of qualitative research: are
 there special issues for health services research?. Family Practice, 19, 2, 135.

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Suicide Risks in the Use of Antidepressants with Children and Adolescents

Introduction
    Depression is one of the leading acute disorder that can result to substantial problems in behavior, thinking and mood in both adolescent and children with peers, in school, and at home. Use of Antidepressant medications is the most effective method to treat depression and other mental disorders in children and adolescents. However, research indicates that antidepressants pose a possibility of developing fatal side effects and complications. They suggest that antidepressants should always indicate firm warnings about their probable connection to suicidal thoughts in adolescents, young adults and children, (Comer, 2011).

Discussion
    Current research has showed some concern that use of antidepressant medications on children and adolescents may induce suicidal behavior in them. Based on the available evidence of the risks associated with the use of antidepressant on adolescents and children, Food and Dug Administration organization  (2004), in US,  gave a public warning on high risk of  suicidal behavior or thought in adolescents and children treated with SSRI antidepressant medication (Nietzel, 1998).    

    Consequently, the FDA established a "black box" label warning showing that antidepressants may boost the possibility of suicidal behavior in some adolescents and children with MDD. Similarly, the  warning asserts that adolescents and children under SSRI medications require close observation for several depression cases, development of behavior or thought, or abnormal behavior change, such as withdrawal from daily social activities, agitation or sleeplessness, (Comer, 2011). Although, SSRI medications have fewer side effects, the drug may prompt abnormal behavior and agitation in some adolescents and children.

    Based on experience from friends, the Preconceptions are that depression case may not fully cure with the use of antidepressants. Surprisingly, most of them are disturbed by suicide warnings on antidepressant medication, and as a result, they refuse to use the medications on their children because of the perceived effects. According to Comer the truth is that those warning were only labeled as threats to scare people from over using of antidepressants and adopt other options like psychotherapies and other relaxation techniques.

    This controversy enables us to that depression in both adolescents and children are treatable by certain antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors which are considered more effective and beneficial. Also, before getting more disturbed by the suicidal warnings, it is advisable to learn the meaning of the warnings, other treatment options and signs of trouble associated. With this knowledge, it will be much easier to make informed decisions on which option to take about the child's health.

    More recently, outcomes of an intensive pediatric trials review conducted between 1988 and 2006 revealed that antidepressant medications benefits far outweigh their threats to adolescents and children with key anxiety and depression disorders. Also, FDA and mental health research reviews pointed out that no comprehensive suicides transpired among approximately 2,200 children cured with SSRI medications, (Nietzel, 1998). Conversely, roughly 4 percent they experienced suicidal behavior or thinking, such as actual suicide trials- twice the number of those under sugar pills or placebo.  For several adolescents and children, antidepressants are a successful means to cure obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and related mental health conditions. Therefore, antidepressant medications should be used at all times.

    A combination of psychotherapy and medication is considered the most effective alternative treatment for adolescents and children with depression. Additionally, other effective treatments for depression include relaxation techniques, meditation, self-help steps, support groups, exercise, and stress management. While such treatments need more efforts and time initially, their gain over depression medication is that they act as mood boost without any adverse effects. In conclusion therefore, concerning all medical decisions, families and doctors should consider the benefits and threats of treatment for each patient before commencing treatment.

References
Comer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (6th Ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
Nietzel, M. T. (1998). Abnormal psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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Rate of HIV/AIDS infections in United States

CDC reports suggest that about 1.2 million United States (US) citizens are living with HIV/AIDS infection. Similarly, about 20% of the victims are not aware of the of the HIV/AID status. Although the high numbers of the United States residents are infected, the total number of the yearly cases of new infection has maintained it stability in recent years. However, such new infections progress at far with more new infection cases of nearly 50,000 Americans being reported each year.

Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS infection by transmission category reports shows the male-to-male sexual contacts accounts  for the highest percentage of transmission mechanism followed by heterosexual contact as well as other means, and finally infection by drug use among adolescents and adults. Based on gender/ethnicity/race category black Americans and whites had the leading cases.

The annual HIV/AID surveillance US report gives an overview in the current rates of HIV/AIDS infections.  Reports indicates that the on the basis of ethnic/racial category, blacks are the most affected group. They account for the half of the HIV/aid victims of the disease in the United States population. Statistics indicates that only one black American man out of 16 will receive HIV/AIDS diagnosis, and for women one out of 30 black women. The rate of infection for African American is approximately six times higher than that men percentage. The rate of HIV/AIDS infections among the women is about 15 times higher than that of white American and around four times compared to Hispanic women.

Between 2006 and 2009, HIV diagnosis among black Americans increased by 12%, as a result increased earlier diagnosis and testing. While among the Hispanic increased to about 13%. the rate of infection among the Latino men is twice that of  white men and new infection rate among Hispanic women is  four times high than of white women.

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Adolescent study

Introduction
Psychology involves the study of human behaviors and their mental function. Adolescence is the Span of social and psychological transition between adulthood and childhood. Adolescence is considered to start between the age of 12 and 14 and ends at the age of between 19 and 20. This period has dramatic changes in the body, transitions over one’s academic career and developments in one’s psychology.

Discussion
At this age, they start to distance themselves from parental figures and begin to become more independent. At the same time, they start trying different looks and identities. They become alert of how incomparable they are from their peers. This struggle on looks may result to distress and conflict with parents.

Many developmental issues prone to occur during the adolescence stage include physical development, cognitive development and social development. Physical development starts with puberty. The stage involves deep voice and facial hair in boys while in girls, features such as hips and breasts development. Sexual feelings also develop at this stage, the teen is just learning in dealing with their own feelings. Another development is in the brain i.e. the frontal lobe. This is an area for controlling impulse, judgment and capability to plan. This explains the behaviors and moodiness among adolescents.

The capability to think theoretically starts to develop in early adolescence. Abstract thinking enables one to think about the future. One teen had this to say during the interview, “I want to be a pilot, just like my Dad.” It is conclusive that the kid has begun to view the world in a different way. Majority of teenagers make plans for their future during this period such as what they will have to do when they pursue high school and go to college. Jean Piagett through his theory, he suggested that adult’s role in trying to help teenagers learn about the stage is to provide convenient materials for the teen to interact and understand. Vygotsky argued that culture determines a child’s pattern in development as it moves from the social line to the individual level.

Some of them were arguing at some point, a clear indication that they have the ability to reason over abstract thinking that enables the teens to detect hypocrisy and inconsistencies. Erikson’s theory states that adolescent leads to identity exploration which associates with diversity of symptoms, such as mood swings, heightened physical complaints and fluctuations in ego strength.

Adolescence is believed to be extremely marked by peer influence and less parental influence. Information given by parents may be neglected. Intense arguments between parents and teens develop at this period. In Erikson’s opinion, adolescents usually try out various identities, such as dressing styles and act differently when with friends and another way when with their parents. Thus, naturally believe they are secure to anything unpleasant happening to them, which may result to risky behaviors.

I decided to observe and interview the adolescents because this period is highly crucial and many do experience difficulty. Some teens are at eminent risk of developing substance use problems. Creating awareness that adolescence is a normal period and parents should not blame their children but be ready to help and guide them.

I leant that teens can highly be influenced with their friends a lot more than their parents and what parents should be more mindful of the kind of friends their children interact with. One of the teens I interviewed had this to say, “I never tell my parents that we sneak out of school to go to smoke with my friends, it feels great to be in such company.” As a concerned parent, be cautious of whom your child is with.

Conclusion
What a teenager absorbs into his mind, his experiences during this period and family relationships can have an impact on her or his mental health. Adolescents need attention and love, someone mature to talk to for them to receive guidance and have discipline. They also need to be guided for them to have clear boundaries because if a teen does not have clear boundaries it can result to instability.

References
Lerner, Richard M, and Laurence D. Steinberg. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print.

Mehta, Manju. Adolescent Psychology. Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2000. Print.

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Print.

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Economic Downturn and its impact on Hospitals

Introduction
AHA (American Hospital Association) is a national organization that symbolizes hospitals and healthcare networks, also their patients and communities. For generations, American hospitals have been severely affected by the economic crisis. According to hospital reports it is clear that the hospitals have been recording declining financial problems and decreased patient admissions. The hospitals’ money has become more scarce creating a risk that the hospitals might be closed. Hospital and health policy CEOs are so concerned about the impact brought about economic downturn not only on their institutions and employees but also to the population at large.

Effects of the current economic situation on Hospitals
Hospitals and health care are an essential part of the economy. New private sector jobs are created annually. Hospitals alone employ a lot of people regardless of the economic situation affecting them. AHA way of facing current challenges i.e. by relying on its foundation of employees. Annually AHA releases reports that show current information on both health and hospital trends. These reports are made available through AHA’s TrendWatch Chartbook.

The impact of the current recession on hospitals around the country has costed the country a lot. People losing jobs and finding a reemployment in Medicaid programs. Medicaid is a program funded by the states and it account’s to 25 percent of a state’s budget.  Before the economic crisis, enrollment in the program was increasing, an effect now being accelerated by the poor economy. Patients are also losing their health insurance.

The current crisis will challenge the survival of some hospitals. The capital crunch is making it difficult and expensive for hospitals to finance facility and technology needs bringing the risk of closure. The economic climate has few patients going to hospitals. Consequently, 53 percent of hospitals reports show that there are decreased Emergency Department visits. With the increased dependency on government payers, decreased patient visits across the country more hospitals are reporting negative total margins. Financial health is becoming worse as patients seek less care and investment gains turn to losses. With shortage in drugs increasing, the American Hospital Association (AHA) took a survey on its members and found out that shortages have affected normal patient care in hospitals. The survey conducted reveals that most of the hospitals are in short of drugs.

Goals and Strategies
The crucial question, what should be put in place to ensure that hospitals do not close due to the economic crisis. For hospitals to withstand the situation a number of things need to be done, At first a hospital needs to monitor productivity and resource consumption as it is one of the largest expenses for hospitals. Therefore, there’s need to monitor and control expenses to avoid misuse of finance. The hospital considers what the patient will require to ensure that patients are receiving the highest quality care while on treatment. It is for the benefit of the hospital to have better financial oversight and management because through that they are able to regulate finances thus preventing bankruptcy.

Hospitals need to increase or change the quality of services they provide for them to compete in the market. Hospitals can also withstand economic crisis through consolidations and acquisitions achieved by merging with stronger facilities. 

Economic downturn is forcing hospitals to consider making changes such as cutting staff, benefits and services to weather the economic storm. Hospitals all round are so determined in finding ways to save money and in this case they may have to cut staff due to financial difficulties.

Uninsured patients are provided with uncompensated care by charging uninsured patients for non-emergency treatment. Hospitals charging fees for non-emergency room services tend to divert patients from using the emergency room department. According to hospital reports, uncompensated care costs total up to 41 billion annually which is a significant loss to the industry.

Similarities and differences
Hospitals are less affected compared to other industries because the state has programs such as Medicare and Medicaid for hospital staff to seek reemployment. The programs cover about half of the patient care provided by hospitals. One notable factor for the health care industry is the potential impact that Medicare reimbursement will have on operators.

Hospitals and healthcare and other industries both face financial loss. Capital becomes tight and recovering the impact it will take time.

Opportunities for hospitals brought about by this economic environment
Healthcare industry is among the safest sectors for employment regardless of the economic downturn they face. The hospitals industry is an economic mainstay thus providing stableness and growth in times of recession. Health care has contributed in providing an average of 24,000 jobs per month. 5.4 million People get employment opportunities from hospitals and they create more than 2.2 trillion dollars of economic activity

Conclusion
When hospitals are unable provide services efficiently it can have a devastating effect the quality of health care in the United States. Economic crisis can cause hospital closure and this can result to loss of quality life. Even though there are solutions to the economic crisis but the solutions are limited and can only fix some problems. Health reforms will have to consider changing the financial conditions of the hospitals but the future for sure is still uncertain. Current health care bills show strong help for government programs like Medicaid and Medicare. This may hurt hospitals which have been experiencing financial problems due to low reimbursement. If the levels of reimbursement will be improved, hospitals will acquire enough capital to continue their normal day-to-day operations. The challenges brought about by the economic crisis are extremely felt in the industry and the best way through the situation is to balance the medical needs of the entire community. Fortunately, recessions are not permanent and it is a blessing that we have dedicated medical staff.

References
Harrington, C., & Estes, C. L. (2008). Health policy: Crisis and reform in the U.S. health care delivery system. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Pub.

Moynihan, R. (2009). Focus on health policy in times of crisis, competition and regulation, evaluation in health care. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-Stiftung.

Rakich, J. S., Longest, B. B., & Darr, K. (2010). Cases in health services management.    Baltimore: Health Professions Press.

Woolhandler, S., & Barsamian, D. (2000). The health care crisis. Boulder: Alternative Radio.

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Reproduction, AIDS, and disease management

A morally and ethical controversial concern this age and day is human genetic research and relations to Reproduction, AIDS and disease management. Research in human genetics presently engages to identify the function and location of the roughly 40,000-80,000 genes that comprise the human genome. The intention is to develop treatment and diagnostic techniques for a host of hereditary diseases.

Immune system genes that emerge to play a key position in the body defense against HIV, a virus that cause AIDS, have been recognized through research.  The findings can result to ways of circumventing the virus’s ability to mutate fast, a characteristic that has disenchanted the development of effective vaccines. HIV infection is driving human progression, since people with protective versions of the known genes are more probable to survive and pass those genes to the children.

The management of genetic diseases can be divided into counseling, diagnosis, and treatment. The basic purpose of genetic disease counseling is to assist family or people understand their options and risks, thus allow them to make informed decisions.

In the healthcare field, healthcare providers need to know that they will be faced with several situations that put morals and goals to test or professional reputation. Discovering the genes liable for infectious disease severity or susceptibility of illness and how they relate with other risk factors may provide new opportunities for disease prevention.

A topic that is of a major concern to everyone has been stem cell research. It is related to genes in ways that a single stem cell may have possible cures or hold cures to several different diseases.  General issues connected to experimental techniques such as child protection and medical safety are often raised, particularly, reproductive clone as an aspect of social experimentation. Many worries remain, such as rank of human clones, the risk of ambiguous relationships, discrimination, harmed psychological development and confused personal identity. Cloning seriously challenges the very notions of family and reproduction.

I would support the research because it generates knowledge with the potential to improve community and individual health. The information on the research may be of benefit to the people especially if preventive measures exist. On the other hand, I would not support research because it is carried out on a few individual’s genome, thus not representative of all people.

Work Cited
Alexander, I. L. (2008). AIDS sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), featuring updated statistics and facts about risks, prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatments, side effects, and complications, and including a section about the impact of HIV/AIDS on the health of women, children, and adolescents, along with tips on managing life with AIDS, reports on current research initiatives and clinical trials, a glossary of related terms, and resource directories for further help and information. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.

Merino, N. (2010). Human genetics. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.

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The Silent Epidemic - Alzheimer’s disease

Introduction
On my research paper, I chose Alzheimer’s disease as it is one of the diseases known to affect the normal reasoning of an adult. People should also acquire knowledge concerning the disease. We can get involved by doing several things to hold up Alzheimer’s research to assist in ensuring that a cure found for this deadly disease. For example, if one is taking care of someone who has Alzheimer’s, think about getting involved in a clinical trial for caregivers. We can also involve loved ones in studies that experiment new cure for this condition. I believe that this kind of studies will give the answers required to give a solution to Alzheimer's.

Alzheimer's disease is a common type of dementia. It is a brain disorder that gets into the minds of the victims, leading to memory loss, impaired judgment, confusion and the incapability to communicate. The disease becomes worse as it develops meaning it is progressive. Alzheimer’s is also a fatal disease –has no cure and causes death.

A research on the disease is done and later on addressed on likely causes of Alzheimer’s; experts are yet to find out why the brain cells weaken. However, there are quite a number of factors which are recognized to be related to the higher risk of developing the disease. It has become clearer that it develops because of difficult scenes of events that transpire in the brain over a long period; therefore, development of Alzheimer might vary from person to person.

Causes
Memory troubles are usually one of the first caution symptoms of cognitive loss, probably due to developing Alzheimer’s disease. Some populaces with memory problems have a condition known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which results to a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

 Age is another risk factor. Alzheimer's is mainly a disease that is prone to develop at old age, after the age of 65. At this age, the risk of developing the disease doubles after every 5 years. Though it does not mean that the condition is only for the old aged, even younger people can develop the condition. Gender is also a factor that causes Alzheimer’s. A higher fraction of women develop the condition than men because Alzheimer's risk develops with age and women live longer than men thus explaining the reason.

Some cases (about 7%) are linked with genes that cause the inherited familial type of disease. People who have close relative who developed Alzheimer’s have a slight risk of developing themselves. This explains why there might be cases of early age inheritance of the condition.

People with hypertension, badly controlled diabetes and high cholesterol have a higher risk of developing the condition. Aiming for your best bodyweight, eating a fit lanced diet, taking enough sleep between 7 hours to 8 hours every night and doing a lot of exercise will most likely get rid of these factors. In some cases, these factors got nothing to do with lifestyle, i.e. if one has diabetes type 1, have blood pressure for a different reason, or are prone to high blood cholesterol regardless of exercising, being the correct weight, etc., convenient managing and treatment of the situation helps to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

Some other conditions and diseases have been associated to a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s such as obesity, chronic inflammatory conditions, strokes and past episodes of clinical depression. The risk of developing the condition is greater for people with down’s syndrome, an additional copy of chromosome 21 which holds a protein that exist in the brain of the victims.

In addition, processed foods and fertilizers contain nitrates that are responsible for increased deaths from diseases such Alzheimer’s. Progressive human exposure to nitrites, nitrates and nitrosamines through processed foods increase the chances of developing Alzheimer’s.

Finally, some studies have recognized a connection between head injuries and whiplash and a greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

History
Alzheimer’s was revealed in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer. It was not considered a main disease until the discovery. Before the discovery, both the non-science community and scientists considered dementia as a natural development of age. Dr. Alzheimer discovered transformations in the brain tissue of a lady who died of strange mental sickness. He studied her brain and established many unusual amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Since then, tangles and plaques in the brain have been considered the two key features of Alzheimer’s.

The disease did not become a crucial concern until the late 1970s when neurological research exploded. The Alzheimer’s Association was created in 1985 to help people understand about the disorder. Currently people have understood more about the disease and have accepted it as a disorder and less as a normal function of getting old, even though age is still a risk for Alzheimer’s disease.

Transmission
Alzheimer’s disease only spreads through heredity. Having a sister, brother, parent, grandparent or any other close relative with the condition increases the possibility that one might be more probable to get the disease. Just like cancer, Alzheimer’s is a serious problem that arises impulsively in the body and is not essentially spread from one individual to another. However, the risk factors increase the possibility of contracting Alzheimer’s.

Statistics
Alzheimer’s disease is most widespread in the United States (US) where more than 5 million citizens are alleged to have the condition. By the year 2050, as the U.S populace ages, it is approximated that the number might go up to 15 million. In the entire world, just about 36 million people are alleged to be living with the condition or dementia. The number is estimated to go up to 65.7 million by the year 2030 and 115.4 million by the year 2050.

There are extremely massive financial costs associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. ADR-Alzheimer's disease Research of the American Health Assistance Foundation seeks to prevent this tidal wave through funding research to get a cure.

Organs Affected
Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain tissue thus the loss of memory and problems in learning. The amyloid plaques comprising of pieces of dead brain cells and precise proteins, gradually mount up in the brain tissue. A protein also known as tau accumulates strangely, causing brain cells to fail and finally die.

Alzheimer’s badly affects the digestive system in many ways. On advanced Alzheimer’s swallowing problems usually occur. People regularly have eating difficulties with no chocking. They also lose the capability to use their muscles in decisive ways thus decline in the neuromuscular system. That is why some people lose their capability to walk.

Signs and Symptoms
One of the main family signs of Alzheimer’s is loss of memory, particularly forgetting lately learned information and forgetting vital events or dates. They keep on asking for similar information over and over thus depending on memory aides. Some people are likely to go through adjustments in their ability to develop and pursue a plan with numbers. When suffering from Alzheimer’s we frequently find it difficult to finish the normal daily tasks. Sometimes people might have problems driving to a well-known location and even forgetting basic rules of a favorite game.

The temper and personality of a person with Alzheimer’s might change. They may become stressed, doubtful, confused,   afraid or nervous and could easily upset at work or even at home. In addition, some have problems to understand visual images and spatial relationships.

Treatment
Treatment is being focused on slowing the symptoms and managing behavioral symptoms as there is no cure for the disease. This means medication is being used to sluggish down the development of the disease. Doctors prescribe medications such as neurotransmitters, i.e. cholinesterase inhibitors, insulin, memantine, stem cells and ACE inhibitors.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that convey neurologic information from one cell to a different one. Cholinesterase inhibitors contain a chemical that slow down the cholinesterase enzyme from failing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine hence a rise in the time of action and neurotransmitter's level. It is prescribed to heal problems associated with language, memory, judgment and thinking.

Memantine guard brain cells from damage caused by a chemical messenger known as glutamate. It is prescribed to improve reasoning ability, memory, attention, language and capability to do ordinary tasks. Insulin protects against harm to brain cells key to memory and ACE inhibitors can decrease inflammation that may result to development of the condition.

Social, Political and Economic
People around the world have become deeply aware of Alzheimer’s condition and are not only insisting on government response to come up with ways to prevent or even cure the disease but also rising social responses to affected individuals and families.

The cost of maintaining people living with Alzheimer’s has become higher. Many people also are not in a position to purchase the medication that we need to slow down the disease. This results in vast cases of people with the condition. Governments are also involved as they help in finding a cure by proving funds to researchers who are searching for a cure.

Conclusion
Alzheimer’s disease has no known cure. People with this disease likely live with the condition for 8 - 10 years although they can live with it for up to twenty five years. Taking care of someone with the disease may be demanding and caregivers ought to take advantage of society services and request support when overwhelmed.

References
Shriver, M., Skelton, K., Fetherling, D., Hickey, M., & Alzheimer's Association. (2011). Alzheimer's in America: The Shriver report on women and Alzheimer's : a study. New York: Free Press.

Petersen, R. C., & Mayo Clinic. (2002). Mayo Clinic on Alzheimer's disease. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic.

Brill, M. T. (2005). Alzheimer's disease. New York: Benchmark Books.

Altman, L. J. (2001). Alzheimer's disease. San Diego, Calif: Lucent Books.

Abraham, I. L. (2006). Alzheimer's disease. Philadelphia: Saunders.

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Should Parents Lose Custody of Obese Children

Introduction
Obesity is having an excess total body fat. Furthermore one can be considered obese when the body weight is 20% or more above the normal weight. The measure of obesity is usually done by measuring the body mass index or BMI (Body Mass Index). On the contrary, morbid obesity means an individual is sufficiently overweight i.e. 50%-100% over the usually normal weight equivalent to over 100 pounds over normal weight. Therefore, obesity is an extremely serious problem and there’s a need for it to be taken seriously.

History and Statistics
The amount of people suffering from obesity in the world can be estimated as 1 billion. This figure is terribly serious and necessary action needs to be put in place to contain the situation. Obesity does not just happen with any reason; it develops slowly from the lifestyle choices, poor diet and to some extent could be genetically inherited.

During the past 15 years, there has been a steady increase in obesity in the USA (United States of America) and rates still remain high. Children alone, estimated at approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of the entire population.

Furthermore malnutrition and chronic food shortage have been the bane of mankind from the dawn of history. Obesity now recognized as a public health crisis which is just a few decades old.  The technological advances of the 18th century did a slight increase in the food supply thus increased variety of food leading to increased body size and longevity. This greatly accounts for the continuous prevalence of obesity in the world’s population.

Understanding the Issue of Obesity and Its Importance
Generally there is the need to understand that obesity can be caused by the lifestyle choices we choose such as the foods we eat.  One can be obese by eating processed or fast food, not eating vegetables, fruits and unrefined carbohydrates, drinking too much alcohol also eating out a lot.

Similarly lack of physical activity causes obesity for instance time to relax, children are busy watching television, playing computer games and do no exercise. As if a person is not active, the body does not exhaust the energy that it produces through the food that is eaten, and the remaining calories are stored in your body as fat. Furthermore genes cause obesity. Genes can increase appetite, and if one is not careful, he/she end up eating a lot. Therefore, knowing the causes of obesity is significant, because one is able to know what to provide for their children.

Effects to the Society
The great impact on the increase of people with obese is the extra costs and expense needed to prevent, diagnose and heal the condition. Hidden costs are also incurred. Those who are obese are likely to get more off-work days as their problem will certainly require more medical care. Providing healthcare for children with obesity is exceedingly difficult to handle.

Effects to an Individual
A person suffering from excess weight is more likely to suffer diseases such as diabetes, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases. A person also suffers emotionally and starts to show withdrawal symptoms i.e. they become shy to show themselves up.

Discussion
Should Parents Lose Custody of Obese Children? That’s the big question all round the state. Having to take away kids with obesity from their homes is being seen as a good idea by some while others think it is all wrong to get in between family relationships.

One of the ways to control the childhood obesity situation would be to take overweight children away far from parents. The best way to handle the obesity situation is to put them under foster care rather than going for the obesity surgery. State involvement may give out the best interests of children facing the situation, as it has become life threatening.

The point is not to blame their parents, but rather give help to the parents in what they may not be able to provide. State intervention will support the child and the entire family, with the aim of joining the obese child and family the quickest way possible. Despite the discomfort that can be caused by state intervention, it may sometimes be a duty to protect a child. There’s worry that the issue may be putting much blame on parents, but have become victims of bullying and peer pressure – things that parents are not able to contain.

On the other hand, separating children from their parents may cause discomfort could be too extreme. Pulling apart a child-parent relationship could be harsh and may cause discomfort. Sometimes intentions but with imprudent hard work may be reproachful to obese kids who are trying to lose weight.

Approximately there are 2 million U.S children who are extremely obese. The situation puts the children in eminent danger, as they are prone to facing obesity related conditions like liver problems and diabetes. A child’s life might be shortened, because the diseases could kill them at any given time. Therefore, parent training, education and temporary protective custody should be put into consideration. For parents considering weight loss surgery, they have to know that the surgery might cause complications to a child.

As a matter of fact education and therapy programs should be considered in treating obese children. If it happens that a parent repeatedly does not follow the guidance and advice for an obese child’s well being, state intervention might be a better step to take.

Conclusion
The greatness of life is not how much money or property we got, but how healthy we are. Body health can be invested while we are still young and we can use it when we grow old. Measuring body weight is one of knowing, whether we are healthy or not, whether we are overweight, normal, underweight or obese. We can know that we are healthy in two ways; one is through knowing body mass index and getting to know body weight. However, it is only us who can make a decision to change the styles of living.

Works Cited
Obesity in Children. Washington, D.C: U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2000. Internet

resource.

Kiess, W, Claude Marcus, and Martin Wabitsch. Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. Basel:

Karger, 2004. Internet resource.

Okie, Susan. Fed Up!: Winning the War against Childhood Obesity. Washington, D.C: Joseph

Henry Press, 2005. Internet resource.

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