Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Wittgenstein is an Australian-British scholar who was raised in a famous Viennese dynasty. He was born in the year1889 and passed away in 1951. Wittgenstein is among the famous thinkers of the 20th era. His earlier profession was an effect of Arthur and his mentor Russell Bertrand. His earlier profession was terminated in the Tractatus, which is based on the notion of rational problems that contributed to arguments of the logical language. His work tries to show the logic in philosophy and theoretical investigations. This is through revealing the logic and language used in philosophy as well as the technical approach of philosophical issues. The work of Wittgenstein on a rule of private language is still taken into considerations and his philosophical work as influenced varied field outside the work of philosophy. Therefore, the discussions within the research analysis provide different ways of understanding diverged philosophical writings of Wittgenstein.

The Philosophical Features of Wittgenstein
Wittgenstein’ logical concept is anti-theoretical; thus it is not easy to classify them in the classical ideas. He focused on philosophical logic and language of philosophy, which a theory demonstrating his own meaning of philosophical ideas. He used a philosophical paradox of explaining the logic and language used in philosophical work, which he borrowed from the Greek sceptic (Pojman and Vaughn 192). He avoided the logic and language theory in 1929; thus started explaining ideas rather than describing them. Therefore, his work stood among the classical work because western philosophy mainly was conceived as the search for a new way of explaining ideas rather than describing them. Another feature is that Wittgenstein was non-sceptic because he believed that it was wrong for philosophers to use philosophical theorizing of ideas. This is one of the main reasons that made him abandon the philosophical method of theorizing ideas. This is because he taught that it was a risky way and liable to error. The philosophical theory was a method, which was commonly used by Emmanuel Kant, but the critique upon Kant’s way of theorizing ideas contributed to varied forms of human experience.  Wittgenstein never used the same way Kant was working, but his method in philosophical work led to the philosophical theory back to its origin. For instance, the way people construe or interpret feelings from objects that are not dependent and connect them to the physical world is one way that attributes Wittgenstein’s work.

Ordinary Language Philosophy
Wittgenstein encountered varied issues in placing ideas; thus nearly all of his writing styles were almost the psychopathic quality. Therefore, he used an ordinary language that views traditional philosophical issues as deep-rooted in misunderstandings. This philosophy is built upon distorting what words actually imply in the daily use.  The language philosophical approach that Wittgenstein used avoided philosophical theories. The ordinary language which is sometimes referred as the Oxford philosophy was linked with the work of Oxford professors in the 20th century (Pojman and Vaughn 192). The central point of rational words that Wittgenstein used in the common language tripped over the words that many scholars took in abstraction. Abstraction is the method through which principles are employed from classification and utilization of literal ideas. This method of abstraction was used in philosophy in order to enable philosophers to recognize some set of ordinary features in people. However, Wittgenstein was criticized for being totally misguided, and he has no general solutions to the philosophical problems.
Philosophers are obliged to abstract the ordinary definition of words, but Wittgenstein extracted words in reverse. He could describe a theory in every situation, and he used imagery to reveal the problem structure under scrutiny. This reveals why many people have read and appreciated most of his philosophical work. However, his later philosophical work of explaining theories is not just a style of writing, but also taken one back to the philosophical tradition of antiquity (Pojman and Vaughn 192). His philosophical work about language has varied rhetorical aspects. He treats dialect as a mechanism for abstract thinking a bit comparable to language of numbers, but it requires accuracy.
Moreover, most of his role in language philosophy was to advance on the language vagueness; thus solving philosophical problems. His aim was to counterpoise the picture of language from different sets of objects; thus revealing the functions of varied objects. The language game is among the notable figure of speech that he used to represent the fragmented glimpse of language. Much of his work was on descriptive that became the main topic in discourse analytical work. Therefore, Wittgenstein‘s Philosophical views emphasized on two issues one of them being the reference used in open-ended nature. This is where he made an attempt of providing ostensive definition of a person by taking the definition of color, race and compass point. The second emphasized on description, not from repetition of abstracted words but the range of activities.

Mental Language and Discursive Psychology
This nature of philosophy assumes numerous mentality terms as part of the epistemological arguments. Therefore, one needs to sort out psychological perspectives from philosophical issues. Wittgenstein focused his philosophical work as a therapy kind of work, which dissolves in varied central problems. This is through revealing the language role especially the role of mental terms in psychology. Although, his greatest work was on philosophy, he was not impressed with the empirical psychology during his epoch.  This is because he saw empirical psychology as the experimental combination method with conceptual confusion. The discussion of mind was his way for attacking private language. Therefore, he later developed varied criticism against meaning of words residing against the psychological space. He instead stressed on conventional nature of language use that followed a variety of discourse analytical work such as discursive, rhetoric and ethno-methodology psychology.

Mathematics philosophy
The philosophy or mathematics is the advancement of the general idea, which was founded on the basic constructions of ideas that are intellectually indefensible.  Wittgenstein claims that when a person counts, he or she feel that he or she are using footholds curved in a stone like actuality. He discloses that counting is a method applied in the daily survival of mankind for most various operations. This is the reason behind learning the way to count as people continue to endless practice in their daily lives ((Pojman and Vaughn 397). The idea of mathematical application has been approved less significant in the philosophical language than any of his philosophical ideas. This is because of the gap among the superstructure and the projected method employed in Wittgenstein’s case.

Philosophical Realism and Anti-Realism
The debating issues about Wittgenstein’s realism and anti-realism is appealing one, and it emphasizes on language, activities and behaviors of human beings. Many critics have accused Wittgenstein of language optimism, the notion that language is the ultimate realism.  The anti-realist skepticism in logical concept, metaphysics and moral code has justified entirely accepted in the philosophical writings of Wittgenstein.  Furthermore, Wittgenstein’s doctrine of realism and anti-realism principles denies the recommendation of philosophical principles. The anti-realism focuses the form of language game, but the concern is about what makes sense to people.  Therefore, in case realism is illogical, therefore, anti-realism is opposite.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
This philosophical view is literary style that contains argumentative ideas, but with declarative statements, which are numbered hierarchically. They are similar to mathematical analysis, but they elaborate on the declarative statements. Wittgenstein reveals that Tractatus consist of two significant issues one of them being the thoughts expressed in a logical way. This indicates the way one can use logical means to solve the problems. The problem in this case is the theoretical or philosophical issues. Thus, the prepositions contain in the Tractatus consists of varied numbered prepositions in various sets. Many observers ignore this philosophy work and argue that they are meaningless. However, Tractatus are nonsensical ideas that construct a theoretical picture and meaning of other theory. The task of explaining the logic and use of ordinary language in the philosophical work is meant to solve critical problems. It also aims to present the way people takes significant problems that they are certainly not problem whatsoever.  Therefore, Tractatus presents the foremost ways of solving logical issues that are highly technical.

Conclusion
The discussions within the research analysis provide different ways of understanding diverged philosophical writings of Wittgenstein. His philosophy is anti-theoretical; thus it is difficult to place them in the historical ideas. Most of his writing styles were almost the psychotic quality; hence he used an ordinary language that views traditional philosophical issues. Wittgenstein focused on varied issues including language philosophy, mathematics, mental language and discursive psychology. He also emphasized on Tractatus logical issues, realism and ant-realism philosophy through focusing on issues such as language and human behaviors.

Work Cited
Pojman, Louis, and Lewis Vaughn. Classics of Philosophy, 3rd edition. New York, N.Y. [etc:
Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

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Patient Centered Medical Homes

Purpose/Rationale
Provision of quality health care services is a basic human right. Patient centre medical homes (PCMH) are innovative primary health care centre for the provision of quality services. It is a foundation for accessing efficient and cheaper health care services. The primary goal of PCMH is to transform the centre in order to deliver effective primary care services at affordable prices. The program offer practices for care organization for patients, nurses working in groups and coordination as well as tracking patient information. This institution partners with personal doctors and patients when required and exchange health information. They can also assure patients high quality services in an appropriate way. The primary purpose of the research proposal is to analyze the way PCMH would transform primary care; thus offering effective access to affordable and high quality health care services.

Literature Background
The literature study indicates that every human being has a right to access to affordable and high quality health care services. Therefore, it is the role of the government to ensure that citizens access to quality services at cheaper prices. Feldman and Alexander (2012) argue that nurses should take actions and put efforts in their roles to provide quality patient care. They should take the leadership roles in delivering effective services. This is essential because it will enable them to earn respect from their patients.  According to Feldman and Alexander (2012, p. 33), leaders in the health care should communicate effectively in the health care management. This is because communication is essential in solving social conflicts and conflicts that arise between patients and nurse over payment issues. This will contribute to successful performance; thus enabling nurses to deliver valuable services that meet the demanding needs of patients.

Research Design
The research will employ qualitative study in order to provide empirical investigation of social phenomena through the use of different data collection methods. Therefore, the research hypothesis will test as to whether the transformation of PCMH will contribute to the provision of affordable and quality primary care services to all patients. Under qualitative study, the researcher will test the hypothesis. This is through collecting and measuring the incidences of numerous views or opinions provided from the chosen data collection methods.  The qualitative research is effective because it quantifies data and provides generalized findings from the sampled populations of concern.
Data collection will be structured in the form of questionnaires, use of random sampling and surveys.  First, the research will structure questionnaires and distribute them to patients and nurses working in the PCMH. The research will be carried out from morning till afternoon hours. The questionnaires will be structured in the form of simple questions in order to help the researcher to gather adequate information from the interested respondents. Questionnaires are effective because they do not require many efforts and they would enable the researcher to compile and analyze data effectively.  Secondly, the researcher will use random sampling from the interested population to represent the whole population. Random sampling will help the researcher to control the required study. Lastly, the researcher will employ survey method, and he or she will ask patients in case they receive effective services. The researcher can also request them to provide their opinions in case they think that transformation of PCMH will enable them to meet their expectations.

Data Analysis
Data analysis will be descriptive in nature because the researcher will gather information and evaluate the results in descriptive nature. The research will interpret the findings and generalize the information with the help of tabulated tables. The proven hypothesis will be tested for nudity; thus seeking to ascertain the significance of PCMH in terms of transformation of the primary care to provide affordable and quality services. The researcher will interpret all the research findings through the use of statistical analysis in order to construe statistics.

Limitations
Ethical issues may arise especially when employing varied data collection methods. First, the research may encounter ethical problem because not all respondents will be ready to express their view or opinions. This is because they may feel that the information they will provide would be disclosed to the third party. Thus, it is essential for the researcher to promise that the information they will reveal would be confidential. The study limitation may results because some methods such as survey and sampling will contribute to biasness especially when the researcher is collecting information. This is because not every respondent wild be ready to provide true information. The research will also oversimplify the findings because of different information provided from the research data collection methods.

Conclusion
The research provided the rationale or the purpose of research study. Therefore, the primary purpose of the research proposal was to analyze the way PCMH would transform primary care in order to offer effective access to affordable and high quality health care services. It tackled on the literature review and what other researchers have provided about transformation of health care services. The research also employed different research design methods including use of questionnaires, survey and random sampling. It provided the hypothesis of the study that was to be tested and proven correct. Data analysis was descriptive in nature, and the researcher gathered information and evaluated the results with the help of statistical data. Lastly, the conclusion summarized the proposal and the research findings.

Reference
Feldman, H. R., & Alexander, G. R. (2012). Nursing leadership: A concise encyclopedia. New York, NY: Springer.

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How do digital media affect reasoning on important social issues?

Digital media as a venue for reasoning has remained a continuous debating issue as to whether it benefits the society to improve their reasoning capacity or it impacts them. Digital media has increasing become widely used in all sectors across the globe. It has become a medium for making communication effective, learning and other varied activities. Digital media takes varied form including the Internet, magazines, television, mobile phones, radios, newspapers and social networking sites. All these are forms of social media that have contributed to varied changes on the way organizations and people communicate or exchange information. Many scholars have come up with their ideas about the effect that media contributes to the society. Other has come up with logical fallacies while others have tried to balance the rhetorical issue of the effect of media to social issues. Some of them argue that digital media in the age of technology have impacted teens; thus making them more stupid than smarter (Carr 341). This is because digital media alters the way many people think, write, read and communicate. Although media provides valuable information and makes communication easier; too much dependent on digital media affects the health of individuals, privacy issues and contributes to cultural biasness.

Digital media are effective because it makes communication easier and cheaper, but too much reliance on digital media has affected social issues. This is because media nowadays have altered the brain of many people; thus they no longer reason the way they used to reason. They way people read, write or communicate nowadays have significantly changed. Carr (340) reveals that technology has made many people stupid, and it has altered the way their brains functions. For instance, students have developed different language of communicating and even writing styles have totally changed. This has impacted social issues because the brain of many teenagers has now adapted to the new ways of reading, writing and communication styles. The shortening styles of texts affect the academic performance of students because most of them become used with such text; thus contributes to poor performance because of grammatical errors.
Digital media has affected the reasoning on significant social issues; thus contributing to increased violence and unethical behaviors. Many teenagers spend most of their time in social media such as televisions or play video games on computers. This has contributed to increased violence because some video games are dangerous to teenagers; thus they contribute to violence behaviors in the society. Other develops unethical behaviors especially bad sexual behaviors due to watching pornography or love movies. Other unethical behaviors may include smoking, and use of drugs because teens want to gain adequate energy to continue surfing or chatting with their friends.
Digital media has contributed to increased health issues such as stress and poor health relationships. Poor health relationship in this case results due to relationship made through social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and many others, which leads to stress and loneliness. Stress may result in case one partner may break up with their partners, and this can sometimes lead to committing suicide (Winget and William 83). Many teenagers are among the groups that fall in poor relationships that affect them emotionally. Young generations spend most of their times login into social networking sites and creating profiles and publicly articulate their relationships with others.  Other teenagers write extensive comments on their profiles some of which contributes to social conflicts and others are demoralizing.

Moreover, some teenagers spend most of their entire time on social networking sites and cellphones to interact with their friends. This has led to increased social disorders and contributed to health issues such as obesity among others. Obesity is one of the diseases that have become common among teenagers. This is because they spend most of their time on social networking sites than doing core activities or exercises. Others use cellphones to hyper text; hence many of them have developed health complications. Some teenagers have ended up becoming drug addicts because they use drugs such as marijuana and cocaine. This will make them hyper so that they can spend a lot of time to hyper texting with their friends.

It may lead to loss of privacy issues especially some digital such as televisions, radios and even some magazines try to provide information of a certain celebrity. Many teenagers are interested in watching films or music and invite other peers to join the sites for these musicians. Many of them may begin to participate due to social and opportunity to craft personal representation in the popular community of celebrities. Many teenagers love to envisage the social globe through using their profiles. They also adopt certain strategies, and many of them prefer to connect with celebrities who they adore. For instance, Twitter, MySpace and Face book have become among the prominent social networking site for many high school students or teenagers across the globe. Therefore, these sites tend to follow cultural and linguistic aspects that have contributed to varied social issues in the contemporary society.

Some digital media such as televisions ads magazine and movies may contribute to cultural biasness. The issues of cultural resonance have been impacted because of the prejudice created upon watching such social media. Cultural biasness arises when the viewer creates cultural prejudice when watching movies such as Hollywood or African movies. This is because everyone interprets his or her own ideas or they may create a negative picture in mind about a certain culture. These media can also create an implication on identity of a particular society. While the engagement in these social media sites may connect people through social networking sites and promote a global village, it may contribute to loss of culture (Ghorbani and Rosemarie 367). This is because the social media enables people to interact through sharing a common language, which is English; thus contributing to cultural erosion.

Moreover, social media such as add magazines or advertisement posted on social sites or television contribute to gender issues. In most cases, some advertisement contributes to gender issues in that many advertisers may post the picture of female when making an attempt of promoting certain products such as cosmetics. Some of these pictures are sex, and most of them contributes to genders issues especially loss of self esteem to femininity. The advertisers can also use skewed beauty images that are posted on the social media sites with an aim of promoting their business. However, the skewed ad may send a negative image to the viewers and some of them may interpret the image in a negative way. For instance, the skewed beauty pictures of women may send a message of gender issues by viewing women as sex objects.

Social media such as Twitter and Facebook has changed the way people interact in the society. It has led to loss of the traditional method of communicating such as face to face method; thus impacting the way people socializes or interacts with their friends (Ghorbani and Rosemarie 363). For instance, many people can express themselves when they are chatting with their friends, but when they met, the fail to express themselves in front of their friends. Lack of face-to-face interactions may contribute to communications barrier because some people may be able to understand effectively when on use facial expression. Furthermore, one may be able to determine of interpret the feeling of the other partners when they are communicating face to face.  Therefore, these social media sites lead to loss of effective communication because many of people lack effective communication speech.

Although, digital media have contributed to varied social issues, it has contributed to varied social aspects in transforming the society. First, it has made communication easier and cheaper because many people can nowadays communicate with other in far distance through simple texts and sending e-mails. It has also improved learning and enabled students to carry out their research work effectively. This is through the use of e-books and Internet; thus enabling them to find information faster than search in books, in the libraries. Social media such as online magazines, Internet such as news and blogs have contributed to a national disaster relief. For instance, people use their cellphones to send their donations to where disasters have taken place. Lastly, social media such as social networking sites have united many people across the globe; thus contributing to a global village.

In conclusion, even though media provides valuable information and makes communication easier; too much dependent on digital media affects the health of individuals, privacy issues and contributes to cultural biasness. Digital media has led to varied social issues including increased violence, unethical behaviors, health complications, cultural biasness and privacy of celebrities. Many of the teenagers no longer reason the way they used to before the introduction of technology; thus contributing to poor performance in schools. Although, digital media have contributed to varied social issues, it has contributed to varied social aspects in transforming the society. It has made communicate easier, contributed to a national disaster relief, improved learning activities, and it has linked many people across the globe; thus contributing to a global village.

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Strategic Leadership in Changing World

Strategic leadership is the process of directing and offering a vision for improving organizational performance. It is strategic management of implementing a strategy for managing change and creating a sense of direction in the global competitive business. Effective leaders should provide a strategic direction for transforming the organization in order to achieve success. They should analyze the significant initiatives to be taken by the top leaders in the company, and integrate resources in order to create organization change. Denis, Langley and Rouleau (2010, p.67) argue that strategic leaders should change their skills through implementing unique strategies that will enable them to meet the demanding needs of an organization in today’s changing business world. Michael Porter and Gary Hamel offer varied disciplines that managers or leaders should practice in order to achieve success in the global changing business. Therefore, they have employed varied approaches to the paradox of the market and resources, but organizational circumstances or the changing business world affects the choice of strategic leaders when employing their approaches.

Porter and Hamel offer varied approaches that strategic leaders should follow, but some of their approaches would affect the choice of strategic decisions because of the ever changing business environment. One of the approaches employed is the industrial organization in achieving a competitive advantage in a business entity. Hamel, the American economist in management came up with a core competency management concept in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This concept takes varied forms including technical matter of knowhow and close relationship with clients.  It also takes into consideration product development or cultural aspects through employee dedication towards creating a successful business environment. The core competency strengthens the industrial relation with other organization and offers fundamental basis for adding value to products.
Moreover, Hamel emphasizes that the core competency should enable strategic leaders to employ asset of effective skills or design techniques in order to deliver value to their clients. However, the core competency may affect the deliberate decision of leaders in the current business setting. This is because many companies are nowadays employing customer value approach as a way of achieving a competitive advantage. They emphasize on creating product value that satisfies the needs of customers; thus enabling them to become leaders in the global market (Pongsakornrungsilp and Schroeder 2011, 319). Hamel emphasize that the core competencies contributes to the advancement of worth products that meet the needs of customers. The core competency is effective because it is developed continuously with varied organizational improvements overtime.

Hamel further use the industry organization approaches in explaining the way strategic leaders can achieve the core competency. The industrial organization method is a based on the financial theory which deals with competition, distribution of resources and economies of scale issues. The hypotheses behind these approaches are the rationality aspects, profit maximization and self discipline behaviors in the work environment. This approach is essential because leaders in the current changing business environment should understand the core competency in an industry. They should predict the future challenges and business opportunities in order to help them stay top in any varying business situations. Hamel reveals that the core competencies are developed through constant changes of brands in order to meet the demanding needs of customers in the changing business world. Therefore, in order for organizations to succeed in the emerging global market economy, they should create the core competencies instead of vertical integration (Masterson and Pickton 2010, p. 211).

Another approach is the sociological approach and deals with the issues of human interactions in an organization in order to create an effective business environment. The rationale behind this approach is the bounded rationality and satisfaction behaviors with an aim of creating organizational success. Hamel attempt to reveal effective management is a significant tool for mobilizing resources to produce effective results. The management model date back to the 19th century. It was designed with an aim of solving overriding problem in the business environment. It takes into considerations the way leaders can increase organizational efficiency, but this model is challenging in the changing business world. Therefore, strategic leaders should reinvent management in a manner that can make organizations to employ innovative approaches and inspire employees to become productive (Lipman-Blumen 2000, p. 69). Hamel tries to reveal tools that successful leaders should utilize to mobilize resources to achieve significant result is the business environment. Therefore, employing management tool and improving the capacity to manage resources will contribute to successful organization performance.

The most influential strategy for achieving a competitive advantage was developed by Michael Porter. The five forces analysis became the common strategy for shaping the strategic business environment in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This analysis is similar to SWOT analysis in terms of structure and function. They reveal the way an industry can apply them to achieve sustainable business competitive advantage (Armstrong, Kotler and Armstrong 2011, p.34). The 5 forces analysis is a framework employed for industrial analysis. They are employed under the industrial approach to reveal the way strategic leaders can compete with their competitors in the global business environment.

In addition, the five force analysis draw upon the industrial organization economies towards determination of the competitive intensity; thus attracting marketing activities. The market attractiveness in a real context means the achievement of increased industrial profitability. Every industry strives to achieve a competitive advantage in order to increase their profits. This is because the main aim of the industry is to maximize profits through offering effective services that will enable them to achieve a competitive advantage.  Therefore, Porter reveals the way strategic leaders can employ industrial organization approach to create a competitive business environment; thus increasing revenues. Unappealing business would become pure competitive, and they would attain standard profits.

Porter’s five force analysis used in the industrial organization approaches is viewed from the external forces. Others are vied from the internal threat aspects, but the most preferred forces are viewed from the micro-environment in contrast to the macro environment. These forces are close to industrial activities that may affect the ability of strategic leaders towards making effective decision of serving customers. Many strategic leaders in the cotemporary business environment employ Porter’s five forces with an aim of achieving a competitive advantage. For instance, many companies such as MacDonald and other American corporations employ this approach in analyzing the business industry; thus determining the internal and external factors that may impact effective business performance.  The change in any of the forces may affect strategic decisions of leaders because of the ever changing business world. Many industries examine the internal and external environment in order to implement effective strategies, which will enable them to respond to any impacts affecting effective business performance.

Dess (2012, p. 79) argues that industries apply the core competency and employ effective business model in order to achieve high revenues above business average. For instance, the case of the airline industry is one of the companies whereby leaders apply unique business model to achieve high profitability. The business model examines the underlying principle on the way business can deliver and generate value as well as other forms of value. The business model is part of strategic a management employed as a business strategy for achieving organizational needs. It takes into considerations the core aspects including the organizational structure, business practices and organizational policies. Although, business model employed in the business industry man affect the strategic decision of managers, but leaders need to align them with the changing business world. It is significant to employ particular business strategies or models that can create value and capture the mechanism employed in an entity.  Therefore, it should define the way through which an entity delivers value to customers (Gronroos 2010, p.12). It will also reflect the hypothesis of management on things customers want and the way organization will deliver the services.

The five forces of Porter are based on the industrial organization approach; thus t erection of SWOT analysis became popular in the contemporary business world. This concept has been used in a wide range of solving business problems in order to help industries achieve high profitability and stabilize business environment. For instance, many companies employ SWOT matrix, which is structured approach for evaluating or analyzing the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat impacting effective organization performance. The SWO analysis can impact the strategic decision made by organization leaders, and it takes into consideration the product, environment and people. Brassington and Pettitt (2003, p. 89) argue that SWOT analysis is one of the effective approaches for analyzing the internal and external environment; thus enabling organization leaders to respond faster to organization needs. This is essential because it enables an industry to implement proper strategies for achieving competitive advantage. The decision makers should carry out analysis to determine in case the stated objective would be attainable prior to use of SWOT analysis. This is because of the changing business environment; thus SWOT analysis users should generate effective answers that will generate meaningful information.

Dessler (2012, p.34) reveals that strategic management as a bottom up approach or collaborative approach is vital for managing and improving organizational performance. Organization employs different approaches such as collaborative approach in leveraging the advancement of information technology. Other employ bottom up or top down approach meet the organizational needs. The research study indicates that knowledge management in any organization is crucial because it enables managers to manage organization information and create a common objective towards successful organization performance (Daft and Dorothy (2012, p.122).  Although strategic divisions may impede the process, the notion of strategic management through proper integration of strategy formulation creates successful business performance in the global business world.

Kotler and Keller (2005, p. 123) reveal that managerial work is increasingly a leadership task and leadership task operate through a complex web of dependent relationships; thus managerial worth is increasingly becoming a game of informal independence. Therefore, the leaders in the current business atmosphere encounter diverse challenges in managing organizations. Even though, they have effective leadership skills, it is often difficult for them to address organizational issues unless they implement effective strategic or approaches towards effective decision making. Leaders should encourage their followers at all levels to integrate their inventory and resources for effective business growth or success. Porter reveals many strategies that leaders should employ in order to become successful. However, in the business a changing world, leaders need to change their leading and strategic skills in order to align with the changing business world.

Moreover, many economists constantly emphasize that people are the most valuable resources in an organization and their effective performance is the key towards organization performance. Therefore, leaders should employ effective strategies that can enable them to manage people as organization asset; thus enabling them to become productive. Northouse (2007 p, 78) reveals that leadership strategy should be related to the organization strategies or goals. They should join the values of the business and the organizational objectives as well as the culture of an entity. Organizational culture is critical aspects that can impact better organizational performance in case leaders do not take it into considerations effectively. Therefore, strategic leaders should emphasize on organizational culture and offer training programs to enable people meet the organizational needs effectively.

Young and Burgess (2010, p.115) argue that technology advancement has contributed to varied ways through which many organization perform business to achieve a competitive advantage. Many industries nowadays utilize technology in order to create value for both product people and other organizational resources. Although, Hamel and Porter attempt to emphasize on the core competency and varied approaches of improving performance, globalization has affected the way many business perform their business. Many industries attempt to integrate technology with an aim of improving value and increasing productivity. However, many of them lack effective skills on the way they should integrate technology to create a competitive advantage. For instance, numerous companies use electronic marketing in order to reach customers and reveal to them the brand products they offer in the market. However, due to poor integration of technology, many of them have ended up operating at high cost; thus failure to achieve successful business performance.

The use of industrial organization and sociological approaches are effective I business performance, but they may affect the strategic decisions employed by management leaders. This is because leaders have varied skills and other employs their own strategies in managing organizational resources. The business environment is changing every day; thus leaders are also making efforts of implementing innovative ideas in order to create a successful business environment. Therefore, effective leaders should set effective goals and manage people because they are a significant asset for creating organizational change.  Hellriegel and Slocum (2010, p. 33) argue that successful leaders can motivate followers and create a smooth working environment. This is essential because it will enable employees to work effectively towards meeting the demanding needs of customers; thus contributing to achievement of competitive advantage.

In conclusion, Porter and Hamel’s approaches to market ad resources are effective, but they affect the strategic decision of leaders in the changing business world. This is because leadership decision is dynamic and it changes depending on the changes in the business environment. One of the approaches put forward by these two management economist is the industrial organization approach. This is where they emphasize on the core competency concept in order to enable organizational to achieve a competitive advantage. Many organizations strive to achieve competitive advantage; thus many of them employ the five forces of Porter and Hemel’s core competency concept in order to improve organizational profitability.  Another approach is sociological approach, and this involves effective interaction with people through employing significant management tool; thus achieving effective organizational performance.

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Teens are too dependent on technology

Introduction to the Problem
Technology advancement has nowadays changed the lifestyles of many people in the society. The most people who have been impacted by technology are the teens. The teen of the contemporary generation spends most of their time on computers, phones and other technology devices.  Almost every house in the current society has technology, and this becomes easy for the youths to have easy access to technology. The teenagers have become dependent on technology, and it has become inseparable in the daily lives of many people. Everywhere people carry devices or gadgets such as phones, laptops and other technology devices for communication or other purposes. People use technology for varied activities, but the most common purpose for teens is for communication r interacting with their friends. The research indicates that technology has increased, and many teenagers have become heavily dependent upon them. Although too dependent on technology have contributed to social disorders due to addiction, it has significantly contributed to laziness; thus many teenagers have become stupid.

Why Too Dependent on Technology Is a Problem
Too much dependent on technology has contributed to increased laziness among the tanagers, and many of them have become more stupid than smarter. Technology makes work easier, but many teenagers have become lazy because of the overreliance on technology. Many of them cannot perform assignment or carryout research without using Google to find information. Therefore, many teenagers do not have time to read and explore books into details because they believe that, with the Internet, everything is possible. Carr argues that the Internet and other technologies have changed the way people perform tasks; thus he asserts “am not thinking the way I used to think” (Carr 340). Many teenagers spend most of their time on technology; thus it has changed the way many of them write or speak. This has contributed to another consequence of poor performances in schools.
Technology has led to significant changes in the learning environment because of the new writing and learning styles. Many teenagers spend their time on social networking sites in order to communicate with their friends. This has led to new development of writing and communicating styles. This is because of hyper texting that enables many of them to shorten words in order to write many text messages. This has led to a new way of pronouncing letters; thus contributing to poor performance in schools. The research study indicates that those students who spend most of their time in social networking sites or the Internet have poor performance records than those who do not spend their time on technology (Ghorbani and Rosemarie 364). This is because they do not have time to read, and some of them have developed a style of reading because of “power browsing” across the contents and abstracts for quick wins (Carr 342).
The increased technology has solved communication problems, but it has affected personal interaction. This is because many teenagers rely on the Internet and social networking sites to communicate with their friends, but they cannot express themselves in front of others. Irvin (37) argues that technology has made communication cheaper, but it has replaced face to face communication, and this has profoundly impacted self esteem of many teenagers. This is because they can chat with friends across the globe, but they fail to express their views in front of others.  Technology has impacted communication skills, and it has contributed to the problem of understanding personal interactions. The reliance on technology for communication has significantly contributed to detrimental in formation of health relationships. It has also led to dangerous likelihood of cyber bullying and other associated consequences.
Technology has also impacted the health of teenagers because of addiction. Many teenagers have developed health complication issues such as obesity, social disorders such as increased stress and other related issues. Stuart (2012 pr. 1) argues that technology has contributed to teen obesity, which can lead to a serious health complications in the future health of the teens. Some of them have suffered from stress due to social networking site issues such as bullying or long distance relationships; thus their healthy are at risk. Many crime issues are committed through social networking sites; thus many teenagers have become the victim of crime issues. For instance, many criminals use technology to trick teenagers who may end up revealing to them the personal bank details of their parents. This is common in the contemporary society because criminal tease teenagers because they know that they can offer full details or information about the bank details of their parents.
Increased violence among teens and unethical behaviors have increased because of technology advancement. Many teenagers watch violence movies and play games that contribute to violence in society. For instance, some vicious movies contribute to crime among the teenagers because some of them try to act exactly on the way they saw in the computers or televisions. This has led to cases of crimes and increased number of juvenile in jails. Technology also contributes to unethical behaviors such as bad sexual behaviors and increased use of drugs. For instance, many teenagers engage in unprotected sexual behaviors while other use drugs such as marijuana and cocaine with an aim of getting energy to hyper text or interact with their friends for long hours. This has led to deterioration of health of many teenagers in the contemporary society.

Solution to the Problem
Parents and teachers should take action to the information gap and offer guidance or counseling to the teenagers in order to help them cope up in the technology age. Parents and teachers should work together in order to help youths to cope up in the technology age. They should restrict teenagers from spending too much time on social networking sites and other technology devices. They can also educate them on the impact associated with too much dependent on technology. Parents and teachers should motivate teenagers to work hard and offer guidance to those who spend on technology. For instance, teachers can offer students assignments to help them improve their writing skills and encourage them to use books and write instead of typing. This will motivate teenagers to improve their writing kills and learning skills. Parents should also help their children to understand the effect that technology contributes to their health.

The Way of Implementing the Solution
One of the significant ways of implementing the solution is through organizing debates or using mass media to communicate about the problem. This is essential because it will raise awareness and educate teens on the way technology can impact their communication (Cellular News 2007, pr.2). Debate about the problem can benefit many students; thus teachers can encourage students in school to participate in debate issues. This will enable them to learn about the way technology can benefit them in case they utilize it effectively. Debate issue or organizing for television or radio talks program can enable many teens to understand the need of avoiding high dependent on technology. However, parents and teachers can work together to raise education awareness on the impact technology contributes to teenagers in case they heavily rely on it.

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Arabic Culture

Media plays significant roles in shaping cultural actions, conceptions, behaviors and understandings of many people across the globe. Arab world is among the nations that are culturally rich, complex and diverse, but media technology has greatly influenced them. The rapid media technology and communication advancement has contributed to the increased pace at which people from diverse regions across the globe interact culturally, learn and exchange ideas. The western culture is believed to have been the greatest influence of culture to other nations across the globe including the Arab world. Thus, the rise of media technology, driven by social networking services, Internet, televisions, newsletters and many others has brought  varied promising change not only in cultural aspects but also in participatory governance, civic engagement and new social dynamics. Although media plays significant roles of defining the cultural behaviors, action and understandings of people, it is itself influenced by the culture in which it operates.

The increased media services used in a variety of ways in the Arab region have shaped social relations among diverse communities with shared interest or activities. The social media such as us e of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, televisions, radio, Internet has shaped the ideas of individuals, activities, events and common interests; thus creating a global village. These media services have significantly influenced the cultural actions, behaviors of Arab world and shaped their political understandings. The research conducted about penetration of social media technologies revealed the way media technologies is soaring in the Arab region. The Arab region has many youths who make up one third of the nation, thus with the exponential growth of social media services, many youths have been influenced by western culture.

  The Arab regions have been greatly influenced by the western world because they hold similar principles for generating news with that of the western world. Although, there are slight variations among the western and the Arab world, both Arab and Western news strictly spins around political aspects putting aside human interest anecdotes. However, media in the Arab world embraces the significant of their global outlook with regard to production and presentation. The global orientation for the Arab media focuses on educating the mass, establishing vital aspects of social responsibility as among their cornerstones effective for media values. Unlike the western world, Arab world had the historical or cultural ways of informing and politically funding practitioners and this political power of news have flourished with Arab modern media playing significant roles of governing it. The Arab media presenters emphasize the social and moral responsibility; thus it is significant for them to preserve national unity to avoid religious conflicts.

Arab world is a nation with varied cultural beliefs and religious practices whereby Islamic religion is the leading one; thus media stresses on the significant of enhancing Islam through varied media services. Family and personal reputation is one of the fundamental principles of Arab culture, which is stressed in the media. Historically, the Arab news was to offer instructions for effective governance and improving performance level of the Arab nation; thus the news was not a mass product. However, western world has influenced the Arab nations tremendously; thus rules of Arab nations nowadays spots the powerful roles that media play in the Arab world. The Arab world has press regulations that create a boundary on what should and should not be included in the press. Thus, although western nations have influenced Arab culture in one way or another, the Arab world is one of the nations that are attached to cultural aspects and news in the Arab nations is politically motivated.

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Behavioral/Style Perspective to Leadership

Bloland, Peter, Patricia Simone, Brent Burkholder, Laurence Slutsker, and Cock K. M. De. “The Role of Public Health Institutions in Global Health System Strengthening Efforts: the US CDC's Perspective.” PLOS Medicine. 9.4 (2012). 1-5, is the article that discusses the aspects of the bigger concept of a health system in connection to public health, in the United States. The article offer vital contributions made by public health leaderships in strengthening healthcare system. The authors also present epidemiologic data, which is based on policies impacting aspects of the bigger healthcare systems (Bloland, Simone, Burkholder, Slutsker and De 2012, p. 2). The authors argue that it is the role of government to respond to health emergences issues, develop disease prevention guidelines and disease treatment programs.

The success of any healthcare system depends on the effective training program, competence workforce and effective leadership behavior or style employed in the health care sector. Therefore, nurses have nowadays realized the significant need of employing effective behavioral styles vital for achieving the organizational goals in the healthcare settings (Baker, McFall and Shoham, 2011). Effective behavior/style employed in the health system determines the results; thus the article argues that building the skilled and capable workforce are among the effective ways of achieving the demanding needs of the public health organizations (Bloland et.al 2012, p. 4). From a behavioral leadership theory, great leaders are born, but the theory also argues that one can become a great leader through learning. Thus, Bloland emphasizes on the significant of building a skilled and capable workforce through offering effective training programs to healthcare workers in order to improve organizational performance within the healthcare system (Bloland et.al 2012, p.4).

The strength of the behavioral perspective is that it focuses on the action of leaders but not on mental qualities; thus through learning process, one can become a successful leader (Dishion, 2011). This is essential because this style can contribute to increased competence level in the workforce and improved skills necessary for accomplishing the required tasks in the healthcare system. Moreover, the behavioral style focuses on a behavior, which can be manipulated or observed; hence effective in public health organizations. However, the limitation of this perspective is that, it completely relies on the environment, thus ineffective (Strickland, Van, Kogan, Lauver, Blumberg, Bethell and Newacheck, 2011). It also ignores complex thought processes and emotions; thus ineffective leadership style in the public health organizations.

The behavioral perspective selected is related to both trait theory and skills approach in a number of ways. First, behavioral perspective is related to trait and skill approach because both theories argue that great leaders are born with certain characteristics. Secondly, both theories are related because they also argue that great leaders are not born but rather made through learning process.  Lee (2012) offer comprehensive analysis on the way nursing leaders can improve their leadership roles through increased training and research programs, thus meeting the special healthcare needs of children (Bloland et.al (2012, p.4) adds that implementing key public health programs and supporting critical operational/applied research can enable healthcare providers to deliver high quality services. Thus, educating or training the future workforce through strengthening academic institution is effective for improving knowledge and skills vital for delivering high quality services in the public healthcare settings.

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Journal Entry

The journal entry provides an analysis of the informative speech presented by one of my peer known as Sam. This informative speech offers interesting or significant information; thus a good informative presentation makes one feel more comfortable. Providing relaxed presentation is essential because it increases the understanding, knowledge and ability of the listener. Wood (405) argues that an effective informative presentation should provide listeners with a clear topic and thesis statement. This is because it will make the listeners to want to know way they are listening and what the need to hear from the informative speech. Therefore, the purpose of the essay is to critically analyze the informative speech that was presented by Sam.

 
Discussion
The speaker had a clear topic and memorable attention getter. This is because her work was clearly organized; thus she captured the attention of the listener through use of memorable getter such use of startling and quotation statements. Furthermore, it was easy to identify the speaker’s main points because she prepared the speech points in a clear and coherent manner. The speaker also made effective transition by moving from one point to another; thus connecting listeners effectively. The speaker used some citations within the points, which was easy to identify; thus effective for jogging the memory of the listener in case one forgets the speech.
Moreover, the speaker reviewed the main points in the conclusion and this was imperative because it builds the credibility of the listener. In this ways, the speaker demonstrated that she has some expertise or experience relevant to the topic and also demonstrated to the listeners that she has gained information in other ways. The speaker used memorable concluding devices such as quotations for closing the speech. The speaker had some distracting nonverbal behaviors especially the body language, posture and appearance that took away from the content of her message. However, the speaker used gestures such as deliberate movements and signals which were effective ways of expressing the meaning of the information without words. She also used visual aspects in order to help the listener to understand clearly the points she was explaining such as diagrams and simple charts. Although the speaker at times read directly from her note cards, she made some transitions and explained the points in an informative manner.

Conclusion
In conclusion, I was impressed by the speaker because she connected with the listeners by using body gestures. The speaker also used visual materials and these were effective because they not only connected with the listeners but captured the attention of the listener. Use of gestures and visual materials such as diagrams or simple graphs are effective because they create an impression to the listeners. Therefore, I will give my peer 95 percent because the presentation was well organized. However, the constructive feedback I will offer the speaker is using an effective and more ethical supporting materials; thus presenting information fairly and without misrepresentation.

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Smartphones

For the last decades, Smartphones operating system safety have been spotted over blog posts and other publications. Over the last 5 years, with the innovation of windows pone 7, Android and iOS, the research have also been published in the academic sphere on individual security mechanism across the platforms. Egners, Marschollek and Meyer (2012, p.3) reveal varied challenges that Smartphone users have encountered for the last decades including threat to security, which arises due to disruption and modification of the user data. The apps have been subjected to malware practices; thus their activities are limited to local information accessibility via address book, short messages and data transmission networks.

Moreover, the threats against security for Smartphones have tremendously increased for the past decades. The attacks are rising every year because of increased hacking against technology. The research survey report carried out in 2008, revealed that about 160, 000 portable devices were subjected to security risks because of low-tech solutions (Egners, Marschollek and Meyer (2012, p. 12). The Smartphone malware practices have become commonly distributed via the application stores, which have poor security. The malware risks mostly occur due to update attack whereby the authenticity applications are later altered to include the malware components. Furthermore, the software acquired directly from web links also distribute a virus known as malvertizing, and this have been the greatest threat to security of Smartphones.

Typically, a common form of malware practices, which have become also the greatest threat to Smartphone, is the additional software instalments that target communication system, information privacy and personal identifying information. For instance, in the year 2010, the first malicious activities on Smartphone were detected. The fake operating system known as the SMS Trojan was discovered, which had already infected varied devices that utilized that operating system. Egners, Marschollek and Meyer (2012, p. 14) argue that the number of Android malware practices increased to 76 percent by the year 2011.  It was noted that the Android malware practices, which acts as a spyware increased from 40% during the year 2009 to 72 % during the year 2010 because of SMS Trojans. The research study conducted on the security issues revealed varied treats to security in the Smartphone enterprises (Winder 2011, pr.5). Although Smartphones have been among the leading mini-computers, they have created potential havoc and exposed many companies to risks. The issue behind maintain security of Smartphones is rhetoric because of the increased security threat, which is rising every day.  The biggest threats to Smartphone security include the information theft, new malware activities, wireless attack virus, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi security threats; thus, organizations should put security policies for accessing corporate information.

Despite the high rate of Smartphones security threats, there is need for future security advancement for Smartphones. This is because the malware practices continue to rise due to increased technology advancement. Therefore, the future importance and effectiveness of Smartphone security exploits can reduce security vulnerabilities. One of the effective ways of security exploits is device-based Smartphone application vulnerability exploitation. Thus, vulnerabilities should be overcome through authentication and session management (Winder 2011, pr.6). For instance, the company can reduce password complexity issues through restricting usability and test the authentication mechanism to avoid future security risks. It is also significant to use biometric security and cognitive fingerprints; and these are among the new exploits that will make Smartphones more secure.

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Brick Film

Summary
The Brick film is 2005 American thriller film that was directed by Rian Johnson and distributed by Focus Features. The storyline features the main character known as Brendan Frye, a high school teenager who lives a lonely life after he broke up with his girlfriend, Emily Kostich. Brendan receives the call from Emily who is terrified and begs him to help her while mentioning the words “Brick, Pin, Tug and poor Frisco” before hanging up.  The lonely Brendan who is a teenager finds her former girlfriend dead at the entrance, at the tunnel of the sewage. Brendan immediately recalls the last call from Emily when she called him and said that she was in trouble. Thereafter, Brendan decides to hide the body of Emily in order to find the identity of the killer. He also starts investigating to find the meaning and connection of the four words, which Emily uttered before she hanged up the phone. Brendan investigates his high school friends’ powerful social network to find who killed Emily and also find the meaning of the four words. Brendan finds support from his friend Brain and successfully meets Laura, Bramish, Tugger and the drug dealer who he realizes is the Pin. Brendan finally realizes why his girlfriend was killed after he met the drug dealer and decides to revenge. He also realizes that the ‘poor Frisco’ is one of the students who fell in a coma after he injected poorly-cut heroin. Brenda realized that ‘Tug’ who is Tugger was the murder. Tug revealed to him about the shipment of ten bricks, which the Pin received. He sold only eight and the night one was stolen and replaced with a detergent that contributed to Frisco’s coma. The story ends after the eruption of fight that left the Pin dead. Later, Tug and Brian escapes after the police came; thus Laura reveals to Brendan everything as they depart.

Analysis
    The Brick film is an interesting film that attempts to reveal the crime committed by the high school teenagers. A tough teenager, Brendan attempts to investigate the dead of his girlfriend. The director of the film did a great and excellent work of writing a simple and easily understanding film about high school teenagers. The film is a short, clear and well presented in a manner that entertains the viewer.  Furthermore, the director of the Brick film wanted to make a straightforward detective narrative, which everyone can easily understand. The film is amazing because the director wrote the story in a manner that fitted the high school types.  Perhaps the author wanted to address the life experience of being a teenager and the social lifestyles of many high school teenagers.
Moreover, set in high school and stylized like an old detective film, the movie focuses on a hero or detective character known as Brendan. The film centers on unsentimental detective narrative and the most of the characters are students from high school. The film was effectively presented using realistic and in-camera effects. The director did a great job because the dialogue of the film makes it an excellent movie of the time. It was well acted, written and directed; hence extremely underrated. The sound track of the film was well planned and it featured traditional musical instruments including the piano, violin and trumpet. Thus, the director was determined to develop a detective story that provides a clear picture and real life facts of high school teenagers in the contemporary society.
   

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The Rise of “Mass Society” In the U.S

Mass Society is a social theory that evolved during the 20th century in the modern society, and it was associated with the industrialization process which became rampart due technology advancement. Since social order is unavoidable, the mass society is created through herding people into organizations. The 20th century has led to varied transformation in the political, economic and social structures, as well as in communication system  (Findley and John 2011, 18).  The mass society led to prosperity and a system of government, which weakened the tradition societal tie. The first two decades of the 20th century was the time of intense and rapid changes that stretched to the capacity of imagination. This is because of increased technology advancement; contributing to varied developments in the arts and many other aspects. Thus, the essay focuses on the major developments that took place due to modernity in the first two decades of the 20th century.

The mass society led to major developments in varied aspects including arts and cultural aspects. The science and technologies grew rapidly in pervasiveness, scale and time; thus transformed the natural world into created human control. For instance, many artists started implementing unique artifacts including unique interior and exterior of the buildings, renaissance paintings  and many others. The technology that comprised this new era included computer technology that enabled the society to make varied changes through interaction process. For instance, the Internet and social media services enabled the societies to culiturally interact and learn one another’s cultural behaviors through a common sharing of language; thus creating a global village.  Duiker and Jackson (2011, 86) argue that the two decades of 20th century saw their tasks through making sense of the great transformation and understanding the new culture and societies being created.

Modernity refers to the Enlightenment period and movement from traditional to modern era, which is linked to the increased capitalism in the society. The term modernity in the Enlighten era reflected varied changes that took place including new construction of buildings, new way of painting artifacts including sculptures and many others. Modernity reflected the new wave from the traditional aspects to new era, which is associated with movement in arts, cultural movements and other varied transformations to western society.  Radcliff (2004, 92) argues that modernity in the 20th century reflects new movements and transformation of varied things from traditional to current ones. The term can be coined with westernization to include changes and progression era from traditional to current due to influence from the westerners. 

Additionally, modernity is viewed from cultural changes in social, political and economic structures. However, scholars focus this term from a far perspective to include changes in modern science, arts and many other aspects. Modernity demands deeper and more radical changes in order to create a better world. According to  Rosati (2013, 56) and Scott, modernity takes place through rapid rationalization, which is linked to actions of mankind to create resourceful order of means to meet their demanding desires. Therefore, modernity in the 20th century period took into consideration significant changes in the society such as new political power, social changes and economic changes. This was aided by industrialization period that was rampart due to increased technological advancement; thus innovation became the primary fact of life.

Naturalism and realism are the responses from Romanticism but they are not comparable to it in influence. Realism became dominant in literature in the U.S during the earlier 20th century. Realism attempts to present things they way they are; hence it tries to reveal the truth of things. For instance in art, realism approach was manifested in numerous ways; thus it was mostly used to describe certain art objects. The term implies a criticism of social conditions and also tends to reveal the fiction from non-fiction aspects. In art, realism attempts to reveal realistic features in the artifacts, but this have been manifested in deferent ways at different times.  The term realism as used in describing the work of art has often attempt to reveal the ugly art objects as opposed to the beauty objects on the way they are presented. Although, it is frequently used to describe scenes of humble life and the way artistic present different artistic features in the current society  (Meecham and Julie 2004, 121). However, unlike realism, naturalism focuses on the new styles and logical expressions of art features in the unique styles from that of the old ones. This term was implemented by Emilie Zola who was seeking to strike the platform by convincing the society about getting something, which is new and modern in invention. Naturalism in art violates the traditional aspects and focuses on producing artistic features which are natural.

However, these arts critique the direction of a Modernist America, in terms of what has been called Anti-Modernism. The anti-modernist attempts to critique these arts by arguing that they are confusion of art materials. This is because people in the current society no longer know the way of distinguishing the cosmic connotation of wood, iron or other aspects of art features because they do not understand the qualities of colors or their forms.  For instance, stone has in its common been identified with iron as being cold and also implacable, whereas wood described as warmly and kindly. In the neutralism, this approach have been criticized and prejudiced as an approach that can reduce art simply and solely to imitate nature. However, the observation of nature may well coincide with cultural or traditional artifacts or symbolical aspects as proved by the traditional artifacts such as the Egypt Pyramids, ancient mosques and religious building; thus objects of such kind are fundamentally intellectual.

Moreover, the above issues continue to present themselves in the current society because many of the spiritual symbolism are created in a naturalistic form and the notability of their styles purely relies on psychic artistic resources. For instance, the agreement of a picture is only lawful in case it does not abolish the artwork and outward model. Many people in the current society attempts to produce artifacts which are more naturalistic than realistic. The legitimate of the normative art in the current society attempt to combine the intellectual observation of nature with spiritual intention and physical nature depending on the symbolism nature of the work. For instance, the Michelangelo artistic works were well praised because these artistic features had great appearance and he employed unique styles of creating art paintings and architectures. However, many of the modern artists have attempted to employ traditional artwork styles, but incorporating them with the modern styles in order to make them superior.  

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Assessment of the Free-Market Approach and Regulatory Approach to Standard Setting In Accounting

The increased competitive which result due to increased technology contributing to a global village have encouraged financial analysts, regulators and lobbying groups to take significant interest in the market system. The accounting standards has created an ongoing debate as to whether accountants should regulate or set accounting standards or not. Thus, accounting standard settings has emerged as a language of business; thus new accounting regulations have been set in many government institutions for financial accountability. Varied aspects including the social, economic and political factors are shaped by the establishment of accounting regulation standards. This is because accounting regulations are needed for varied considerations including social, political, as well as, economic and market needs. The policymakers believe that the government should regulate standards in order to protect investors against market risks. However, there exist non-regulatory approaches known as the free-market approaches, which determine the accounting information and regulation in order to meet the interest of the public. Thus, the study attempts to examine varied approaches to standard setting in accounting including the free market approach, regulator, as well, as illustrates the applications for such approaches.

Literature Review
Varied literatures have attempted to provide systematic and clear understandings of accounting standard setting in regard to financial accounting standard setting. There is an ongoing debate that market should work freely, but the government should intervene and create regulatory standards to protect investors from encountering risk in the market. Therefore, this part offers an analysis on the way the previous scholars have attempted to argue about by developing varied approaches to standard setting in accounting including the free market and regulatory approaches. However, there have been a considerable debate over the accounting standards and some issues have been raised including the politicization of accounting standard setting for the concerned parties involved (Horngren 2006, 51).  The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of accounting regulation standards settings is a realism of accounting setting. Thus, Britton and Waterston (2006, p.71) proposed varied limitations and benefits of accounting standard settings whether regulatory or non-regulatory, hence these can be based on the restructuring the accounting standard setting process. The literature offers critical assessment of varied approaches by illustrating relevant applications for such approaches.  

Free-market Approach
The literature determines the free market approach as a non-regulated approach, which argues that the market and its mechanisms should determine the production of accounting information and regulation according to its needs (Papadopoulos (2011, p 6). The regulatory activities in the economic environment affect directly the accounting practices of entities across the globe. According to Deegan and Unerman (2011, p. 79), accounting standards are perceived as fiscal goods, which the interactive forces of demand and supply impact directly in the free market economy. The underscoring assumption for the free-market theory is that market forces may create an equilibrium optimal magnitude in relation to the concerned demand of customer within an entity. Therefore, the fundamental argument behind this framework is that entities do not need fiscal accounting regulations because market forces of demand and supply will unveil the equilibrium optimal accounting information. The proponent of free-market approach including Watts argued that there should be adequate incentives from the necessary organization to furnish stakeholders with reliable accounting information of the organization. This accounting information will signal to shareholders with adequate and reliable information, which human resource managers are utilizing to increase wealth and maintain operating cost at the minimum level.
Many scholars argue that market regulates accounting standards are connected to the demand and supply needs; thus accounting standardization originates from the lobbying groups or interested users who wish to manipulate the market for personal advantage (Alexander, Britton and Jorissen 2007, p. 72; Brants 2003, p. 52). The aforementioned scholars further argue that the market would be more effective in case there is lack of a state regulatory interference. The work of these scholars justifies their proposal of market regulatory approaches, which is supported by agency theory. Chambless and Chambless (2005, p. 56) define agency theory as a framework that links the principal and an agent in which the principal entrusts his assets to the agent who manages it on his behalf. Deegan and Unerman (2011, p.52) added by arguing that there is a need for an optimal arrangement by which the agent costs should be minimized through the operating market mechanisms.
Additionally, the agency theory recommends that entities should have incentives to release accounting information generously. For instance, the Australian and British companies voluntarily issued financial statements in the earlier 19th century because of lack for standards to prevent such publications. This disclosure benefited them because they incurred lower capital costs, which granted these entities access to gain capital funds in the Market (Carlson 1997, p.370).  Consequently, Khadaroo (2005, p.82) revealed that some few companies in the United Kingdom disclose their cost of sales due to lack of legislative provision demanding disclosure for gross margin figures. Deegan and Unerman (2011, p.57) argue that the proponents of the free-market theory based on the agency theory affirms that “the natural conflicts are likely to evolve between the managers and shareholders”. This is because managers may seek to act upon their own interest; thus private and associated financial reporting is vital because it will reduce conflicts of interest.
The proponents of the free-market theory also argued that positive accounting is an effective theory for maximizing profits in the free market economy (Watts and Zimmerman 1986, p.71). According to Stigler (1998, p. 83), positive accounting theory is a framework that attempts to predict real world events and translates them to accounting practices. The role of positive accounting theory is to explain and predict actions such as the preferred accounting policies that a firm can choose. This theory also explains and predicts the way a firm can react or respond to the newly proposed accounting standards. Under this theory, accounting practices emerge to alleviate contracting costs through establishing an agreement between different parties (Amstrong 1971, p.101). For instance, absent conservatism and compensation agreements made can reward human resource managers basing on the present account reports. The assumptions for the positive accounting framework include the debt agreement, bonus plan and political cost assumptions. Therefore, to achieve positive accounting, managers or financial analysts or the lobbying groups should change their accounting policies, manage discretionary accruals, change real variables, capitalize operations and adopt new accounting standards in a timely manner.

Regulatory Approach
    Regulatory approach is advocated by the policymakers and this approach has been a centre for debate as to whether it should be implemented or not. The policy makers believe that by regulating the financial market in entities, they can safeguard the interest of the state. It is also one way of providing security to investors and protecting them against financial risks; thus attracting higher economic investments in the country. Foster (1980, p.31) argues that the regulatory approach is justifiable because it safeguards the interest of investors. However, the analogous public interest justification for the regulation of business have been heavily criticized and failures of this regulations have been revealed including regulation failure of the policy to the interested regulated entities and high cost of operating regulatory mechanisms. Regulation approach in the broader sense denotes governing the way in which public activities are decided upon and implemented (Kenneth and Rita 2006, p.21). Regulatory approach has taken a more specific meaning of achieving the interest of public and goals of investors through formulating regulations of standard behaviors backed up by the sanctions of the state. Therefore, varied approaches have been developed with regard to achieving the needs of the public.
    One of them is the public interest theory and this is a regulatory approach that simply focuses on the interest of the public in order to achieve the welfare of the state. According to Horngren and Harrison (2008, p. 65) public interest theory is defined as the interest of individuals by free markets in which there is voluntary exchange of commodities and services without market distortions. The regulations are formulated with an aim to correct market distortions or market failures, which may hinder the public from achieving their interests (Riahi-Belkaoui 2004, p. 92). There are numerous market failures such as externalities where prices fail to reflect social cost or benefits, monopolistic activities, which restrict competition and informational problems. Therefore, regulatory approach in this case aims to correct such market failures in order to bring about improvements to generate the well being of the state.
    The second is the capture theory and this is a regulation framework that offer an insight into close relation that rise between the business entity and the government regulatory agency. Capture theory also aims to meet the interest of the public or consumers; thus the government agency amount power to the business industry in order to shape the interest of the public (Holmes, Bromiley, Devers, Holcomb and McGuire, 2011). Regulatory capture unlike public choice theory is a risk to the agency and it is worse than any other regulation. This is because regulatory capture exercises the government authority over the business industry but even so, this regulatory approach is effective because it increases transparency of the agency involved.  For instance, consider a bureaucrat agency in one of the manufacturing companies including Shady, Sundial and Grass Valley. Therefore, the capture regulatory was established to ensure that these industries manufacture safe and high quality commodities. They also make sure that the agency also ensured that the firms do not monopolize their market.
McLeay and Riccaboni (2000, p. 121) explore the tension between the power of the state and market forces, as well as, offer varied political dimension aspects to accounting regulations. The authors analyze the significant roles that standard setters play in setting accounting standards vital in a free market economy. In the contemporary competitive business environment, companies must seek innovative means for rapid and sustainable growth, not by just surviving but thriving, in the competitive business world (Clayman, Fridson and Troughton 2012, p.23).  Therefore, employing regulatory approaches and corporate financial approaches to financial analysis is one way through which financial analysts and investors can achieve their business objectives effectively.

Case Study
There are varied real world examples and case studies that have been provided by many scholars on varied approaches to standard setting in accounting. Dye reveals some case studies in order to provide the readers with a concrete understanding or real-world issues for critical business growth (Dye 2001, 221). Coggins (1998, p. 102) argues that government intervention is necessary in any business activities because they protect the public from exploitation; hence enable the public meet their demanding needs effectively. Therefore, one of the case studies where the regulated free-market approach applied is the case for Mercy Ministry. This is an organization, which is focused on caring for, or helping the poor and the needy /unfortunate ones in the society. They offer spiritual and physical help and the organization takes social justice significantly. Therefore, one should think of this ministry and think of a regulated free market approach the way it applies in this case study. For instance, the organization is a free market because the ministry is programmed to meet the needs of the poor. The ministry is also effective because it is programmed for varied reasons including increasing responsibility and working together as a group to achieve the organizational needs. This is one way of fostering a free market of better and effective opportunities; thus the ministry is not an efficient investment area. The entity also leaves the responsibilities to the congregations with church members outsourcing their duties to the staff members.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the study attempted to examine varied approaches to standard setting in accounting including the free market approach, regulator, as well, as illustrated the applications for such approaches. It utilized numerous literature materials to provide systematic and clear understandings of accounting standard setting in regard to financial accounting standards. The literature provided critical assessment of varied approaches by illustrating relevant applications for such approaches. One of the approaches revealed was the free market approach, which is a non-regulatory mechanism. Under this approach, there is an agency theory, which recommends that entities should have incentives to release accounting information generously. The proponents of the free-market theory also argued that positive accounting is an effective theory for maximizing profits in the free market economy. The second one is the regulatory approach and this approach aims to protect the interests of the public or consumers in the market. There are varied approaches that have been developed with regard to achieving the needs of the public including the regulated capture theory and the public interest theory. Lastly, the case study was included that revealed the application of regulated free-market approach in an organization.

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Textual Analysis of "How to Watch Your Brother Die"

Summary
“How to watch your brother die” is a kind of poem that was written by Michael Lassell, but it sounds like a short narrative. The author discusses things that happen in the day-to-day life and mostly the gay life in the contemporary society. Lassell narrates the way love contributes to pain and suffering in the society. Death is one of the unremitting incidences that leave many people with unanswered questions. The poem of Lassell is rewarding because it educates the society on things that happens in the current world. The speaker clearly reveals the issue of homosexual society and the way the outside world view it. The author creates a situation whereby the brother is struggling over the dead of his brother who is sick and he learns a lot about his brother’s death. The speaker narrates the poem in the first person perspective in order to enable the reader to understand what he is trying to put across. It has been quite along when the speaker exiled the brother because he was a gay, but the speaker receives a call from his lover that his brother is dying. The speaker takes a plane to California in order to meet the lover of his brother. The speaker grieves over the love of his brother, but in the process he fails to understand the lover of his brother and the way the lover of his could grief and commit like a wife. Thus, the purpose of the essay is to analyze the possible message the author suggests through focusing on particular strategies employed in the text.

Thesis: Lassell attempts to reveal the challenges many people face in an attempt of reaching others across differences, the pain, power of prejudice and homosexuality in the current society.
The poem of Lassell explores the challenges that many people or families face, prejudice issues and homosexuality aspects in the current society. First, Lassell presents the poem in a unique way in order to reveal the barriers that disconnected the two siblings from communication. This barrier subsides or ends when the speaker realizes that his brother was suffering from a terminal illness and is about to die. The long lost brotherly love is restored when the speaker realizes that his brother is about to die and regrets for shutting him out. This clearly depicts what is happening in the current society because the poem presents controversy between the homosexuality issues and acceptance in the family unit. For instance, traditional families prohibit homosexuality; thus they view gay people as an outcast and many of them face total exile. The speaker reflects this approach after the funeral of his brother; thus, the author says “Forgive yourself for not wanting to know him after he told you. He did” (Lassell pr.11 line 6). The deep hidden love of the brother reveals the shift in the present society where families attempt to embrace all of their children in an equal loving way regardless of their sexual orientation.

The author made the choice of using first person perspective in order to enable the reader to understand clearly the issue of homosexuality and the consequences it contributes. The sonnet is a transformative in the logic that the narrator presents many challenges, painful experience and discomfort of homosexuality in the society.  He struggle with the illness of his brother and even moves to Mexico in order to find better drugs. The poem is pretty impressive because it educates the society about the challenges of homosexuality, which contributes to incurable diseases like AIDS.  The speaker employs first language perspective in order to capture the attention of the reader; thus moving the reader to appreciate the dilemma of the speaker. The speaker defines himself in a manner that enables the reader to discover varied challenges through his journey; hence understanding him clearly.

The poem of Lassell is a stunning sonnet that captures the attention of the reader because of the textual strategies that the author employed. First, the author reveals the theme of commitment amid two characters including the brother and the lover of the deceased. The author reveals the theme of commitment and goes beyond the simple oath that is a compassionate duty among the characters concerned. Unquestionably, one of the greatest commitments that the author presents comes from the compassion for the two lovers and another one from the love of a brother.  Even, though, the love bond between the two brothers were strong, there is a strong love bond between the siblings; hence a special commitment. Therefore, the brother sympathizes with his brother; thus he tries in all means to help his brother to restore his health. He even moves to Mexico to find for drugs but unfortunately the brother dies.

 Furthermore, the conversation amid the brother and the lover of the deceased sets up the commitment level. The fact that the lover is watching over his lover dying from AIDS, the conversation between the brother of the speaker and the gentleman sets the level of commitment. Thus, speaker heard him say “I’m sorry I don’t know what it means to be the lover of another man.” (Lassell pr.5 line 2). The speaker reorganizes the deep love and commitments, as well as, the problems the two had faced in their lives. However, the speaker who is the brother of the deceased fails to understand the kind of love that was between them.

The author uses a contrasting language of love and hatred in the poem. First, the speaker is not comfortable with the partner of his brother and the conversation between the two indicates that the speaker hates homosexuality. This can be seen in the text where the author quotes “how much a man can hate another man” (Lassell pr.9 line 5). The speaker does not want to hear the partner of his brother talking anything about the way he loved his rather. The speaker cannot stand it because he hates gay marriage; thus the speaker asks “how can you stand it?” (Lassell pr.6 line 10). Contrary, the contrasting love and hatred language is revealed between the speaker and the brother. Although, the speaker hates his brother for being a gay, he is also very much worried and concerned about the illness of his brother. This is because the speaker attempts to get proper cure by moving to Mexico to find drugs for his brother. However, when the speaker sees the lover of his brother, the speaker starts visualizing the kind of life his brother used to live and feels to hate him most.

However, from this poem, I do not believe that it is the speaker’s brother who is actually dying but rather a friend to the speaker’s brother. The speaker wanted to reveal the way love and other things such as homosexuality in the society contribute to pain and suffering. The author wanted to reveal the challenges that many families or people face in the contemporary society. AIDS is one of the current challenges impacting the society and it has no cure or proper medicine. The author wanted to reveal the way AIDS can be contracted in numerous ways such as through sexual contact, drug use and blood transfusion. From the beginning of the poem, the authors talks about the brother receiving a call that his brother is dying in California. Therefore, the poem sounds that that the two siblings had a problem from the beginning before the brother left to California.

In conclusion, Lassell attempts to reveal the challenges many people face in an attempt of reaching others across differences, the pain, power of prejudice and homosexuality in the current society. Lassell employs unique styles and textual strategies in order to make the reader to understand him clearly. First, Lassell presents the poem in a unique way in order to reveal the barriers that disconnected the two siblings from communication. The author also used first person perspective in order to enable the reader to understand clearly the issue of homosexuality and the consequences it contributes. The author reveals the theme of commitment between two characters including the brother and the lover of the deceased.  He uses a contrasting language of love and hatred in the poem. However, I do not believe that it is the speaker’s brother who is actually dying but rather a friend to the speaker’s brother; hence the main objective was to reveal challenges many families face in the present society.

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